venv

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+
+
+# Note: identical the "multi" entry in the top-level "index" fixture
+@pytest.fixture
+def idx():
+    # a MultiIndex used to test the general functionality of the
+    # general functionality of this object
+    major_axis = Index(["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"])
+    minor_axis = Index(["one", "two"])
+
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+    index_names = ["first", "second"]
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis],
+        codes=[major_codes, minor_codes],
+        names=index_names,
+        verify_integrity=False,
+    )
+    return mi

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_analytics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    date_range,
+    period_range,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_infer_objects(idx):
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="to_frame"):
+        idx.infer_objects()
+
+
+def test_shift(idx):
+    # GH8083 test the base class for shift
+    msg = (
+        "This method is only implemented for DatetimeIndex, PeriodIndex and "
+        "TimedeltaIndex; Got type MultiIndex"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        idx.shift(1)
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        idx.shift(1, 2)
+
+
+def test_groupby(idx):
+    groups = idx.groupby(np.array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]))
+    labels = idx.tolist()
+    exp = {1: labels[:3], 2: labels[3:]}
+    tm.assert_dict_equal(groups, exp)
+
+    # GH5620
+    groups = idx.groupby(idx)
+    exp = {key: [key] for key in idx}
+    tm.assert_dict_equal(groups, exp)
+
+
+def test_truncate_multiindex():
+    # GH 34564 for MultiIndex level names check
+    major_axis = Index(list(range(4)))
+    minor_axis = Index(list(range(2)))
+
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis],
+        codes=[major_codes, minor_codes],
+        names=["L1", "L2"],
+    )
+
+    result = index.truncate(before=1)
+    assert "foo" not in result.levels[0]
+    assert 1 in result.levels[0]
+    assert index.names == result.names
+
+    result = index.truncate(after=1)
+    assert 2 not in result.levels[0]
+    assert 1 in result.levels[0]
+    assert index.names == result.names
+
+    result = index.truncate(before=1, after=2)
+    assert len(result.levels[0]) == 2
+    assert index.names == result.names
+
+    msg = "after < before"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        index.truncate(3, 1)
+
+
+# TODO: reshape
+
+
+def test_reorder_levels(idx):
+    # this blows up
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="^Too many levels"):
+        idx.reorder_levels([2, 1, 0])
+
+
+def test_numpy_repeat():
+    reps = 2
+    numbers = [1, 2, 3]
+    names = np.array(["foo", "bar"])
+
+    m = MultiIndex.from_product([numbers, names], names=names)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([numbers, names.repeat(reps)], names=names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(np.repeat(m, reps), expected)
+
+    msg = "the 'axis' parameter is not supported"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        np.repeat(m, reps, axis=1)
+
+
+def test_append_mixed_dtypes():
+    # GH 13660
+    dti = date_range("2011-01-01", freq="ME", periods=3)
+    dti_tz = date_range("2011-01-01", freq="ME", periods=3, tz="US/Eastern")
+    pi = period_range("2011-01", freq="M", periods=3)
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [[1, 2, 3], [1.1, np.nan, 3.3], ["a", "b", "c"], dti, dti_tz, pi]
+    )
+    assert mi.nlevels == 6
+
+    res = mi.append(mi)
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3],
+            [1.1, np.nan, 3.3, 1.1, np.nan, 3.3],
+            ["a", "b", "c", "a", "b", "c"],
+            dti.append(dti),
+            dti_tz.append(dti_tz),
+            pi.append(pi),
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, exp)
+
+    other = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+            ["x", "y", "z"],
+        ]
+    )
+
+    res = mi.append(other)
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            [1, 2, 3, "x", "y", "z"],
+            [1.1, np.nan, 3.3, "x", "y", "z"],
+            ["a", "b", "c", "x", "y", "z"],
+            dti.append(Index(["x", "y", "z"])),
+            dti_tz.append(Index(["x", "y", "z"])),
+            pi.append(Index(["x", "y", "z"])),
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, exp)
+
+
+def test_iter(idx):
+    result = list(idx)
+    expected = [
+        ("foo", "one"),
+        ("foo", "two"),
+        ("bar", "one"),
+        ("baz", "two"),
+        ("qux", "one"),
+        ("qux", "two"),
+    ]
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_sub(idx):
+    first = idx
+
+    # - now raises (previously was set op difference)
+    msg = "cannot perform __sub__ with this index type: MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first - idx[-3:]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx[-3:] - first
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx[-3:] - first.tolist()
+    msg = "cannot perform __rsub__ with this index type: MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first.tolist() - idx[-3:]
+
+
+def test_map(idx):
+    # callable
+    index = idx
+
+    result = index.map(lambda x: x)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, index)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mapper",
+    [
+        lambda values, idx: {i: e for e, i in zip(values, idx)},
+        lambda values, idx: pd.Series(values, idx),
+    ],
+)
+def test_map_dictlike(idx, mapper):
+    identity = mapper(idx.values, idx)
+
+    # we don't infer to uint64 dtype for a dict
+    if idx.dtype == np.uint64 and isinstance(identity, dict):
+        expected = idx.astype("int64")
+    else:
+        expected = idx
+
+    result = idx.map(identity)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # empty mappable
+    expected = Index([np.nan] * len(idx))
+    result = idx.map(mapper(expected, idx))
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "func",
+    [
+        np.exp,
+        np.exp2,
+        np.expm1,
+        np.log,
+        np.log2,
+        np.log10,
+        np.log1p,
+        np.sqrt,
+        np.sin,
+        np.cos,
+        np.tan,
+        np.arcsin,
+        np.arccos,
+        np.arctan,
+        np.sinh,
+        np.cosh,
+        np.tanh,
+        np.arcsinh,
+        np.arccosh,
+        np.arctanh,
+        np.deg2rad,
+        np.rad2deg,
+    ],
+    ids=lambda func: func.__name__,
+)
+def test_numpy_ufuncs(idx, func):
+    # test ufuncs of numpy. see:
+    # https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/ufuncs.html
+
+    expected_exception = TypeError
+    msg = (
+        "loop of ufunc does not support argument 0 of type tuple which "
+        f"has no callable {func.__name__} method"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(expected_exception, match=msg):
+        func(idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "func",
+    [np.isfinite, np.isinf, np.isnan, np.signbit],
+    ids=lambda func: func.__name__,
+)
+def test_numpy_type_funcs(idx, func):
+    msg = (
+        f"ufunc '{func.__name__}' not supported for the input types, and the inputs "
+        "could not be safely coerced to any supported types according to "
+        "the casting rule ''safe''"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        func(idx)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_astype.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import CategoricalDtype
+
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_astype(idx):
+    expected = idx.copy()
+    actual = idx.astype("O")
+    tm.assert_copy(actual.levels, expected.levels)
+    tm.assert_copy(actual.codes, expected.codes)
+    assert actual.names == list(expected.names)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="^Setting.*dtype.*object"):
+        idx.astype(np.dtype(int))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ordered", [True, False])
+def test_astype_category(idx, ordered):
+    # GH 18630
+    msg = "> 1 ndim Categorical are not supported at this time"
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        idx.astype(CategoricalDtype(ordered=ordered))
+
+    if ordered is False:
+        # dtype='category' defaults to ordered=False, so only test once
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+            idx.astype("category")

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_compat.py

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_numeric_compat(idx):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __mul__"):
+        idx * 1
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __rmul__"):
+        1 * idx
+
+    div_err = "cannot perform __truediv__"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=div_err):
+        idx / 1
+
+    div_err = div_err.replace(" __", " __r")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=div_err):
+        1 / idx
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __floordiv__"):
+        idx // 1
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="cannot perform __rfloordiv__"):
+        1 // idx
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("method", ["all", "any", "__invert__"])
+def test_logical_compat(idx, method):
+    msg = f"cannot perform {method}"
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        getattr(idx, method)()
+
+
+def test_inplace_mutation_resets_values():
+    levels = [["a", "b", "c"], [4]]
+    levels2 = [[1, 2, 3], ["a"]]
+    codes = [[0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
+
+    mi1 = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+    mi2 = MultiIndex(levels=levels2, codes=codes)
+
+    # instantiating MultiIndex should not access/cache _.values
+    assert "_values" not in mi1._cache
+    assert "_values" not in mi2._cache
+
+    vals = mi1.values.copy()
+    vals2 = mi2.values.copy()
+
+    # accessing .values should cache ._values
+    assert mi1._values is mi1._cache["_values"]
+    assert mi1.values is mi1._cache["_values"]
+    assert isinstance(mi1._cache["_values"], np.ndarray)
+
+    # Make sure level setting works
+    new_vals = mi1.set_levels(levels2).values
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(vals2, new_vals)
+
+    #  Doesn't drop _values from _cache [implementation detail]
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(mi1._cache["_values"], vals)
+
+    # ...and values is still same too
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(mi1.values, vals)
+
+    # Make sure label setting works too
+    codes2 = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
+    exp_values = np.empty((6,), dtype=object)
+    exp_values[:] = [(1, "a")] * 6
+
+    # Must be 1d array of tuples
+    assert exp_values.shape == (6,)
+
+    new_mi = mi2.set_codes(codes2)
+    assert "_values" not in new_mi._cache
+    new_values = new_mi.values
+    assert "_values" in new_mi._cache
+
+    # Shouldn't change cache
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(mi2._cache["_values"], vals2)
+
+    # Should have correct values
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(exp_values, new_values)
+
+
+def test_boxable_categorical_values():
+    cat = pd.Categorical(pd.date_range("2012-01-01", periods=3, freq="h"))
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([["a", "b", "c"], cat]).values
+    expected = pd.Series(
+        [
+            ("a", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 00:00:00")),
+            ("a", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 01:00:00")),
+            ("a", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 02:00:00")),
+            ("b", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 00:00:00")),
+            ("b", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 01:00:00")),
+            ("b", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 02:00:00")),
+            ("c", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 00:00:00")),
+            ("c", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 01:00:00")),
+            ("c", pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 02:00:00")),
+        ]
+    ).values
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+    result = pd.DataFrame({"a": ["a", "b", "c"], "b": cat, "c": np.array(cat)}).values
+    expected = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "a": ["a", "b", "c"],
+            "b": [
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 00:00:00"),
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 01:00:00"),
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 02:00:00"),
+            ],
+            "c": [
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 00:00:00"),
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 01:00:00"),
+                pd.Timestamp("2012-01-01 02:00:00"),
+            ],
+        }
+    ).values
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_constructors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+from datetime import (
+    date,
+    datetime,
+)
+import itertools
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import construct_1d_object_array_from_listlike
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Series,
+    Timestamp,
+    date_range,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_constructor_single_level():
+    result = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"]], codes=[[0, 1, 2, 3]], names=["first"]
+    )
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+    expected = Index(["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"], name="first")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[0], expected)
+    assert result.names == ["first"]
+
+
+def test_constructor_no_levels():
+    msg = "non-zero number of levels/codes"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex(levels=[], codes=[])
+
+    msg = "Must pass both levels and codes"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex(levels=[])
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex(codes=[])
+
+
+def test_constructor_nonhashable_names():
+    # GH 20527
+    levels = [[1, 2], ["one", "two"]]
+    codes = [[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1]]
+    names = (["foo"], ["bar"])
+    msg = r"MultiIndex\.name must be a hashable type"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes, names=names)
+
+    # With .rename()
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 2], ["one", "two"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1]],
+        names=("foo", "bar"),
+    )
+    renamed = [["fooo"], ["barr"]]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        mi.rename(names=renamed)
+
+    # With .set_names()
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        mi.set_names(names=renamed)
+
+
+def test_constructor_mismatched_codes_levels(idx):
+    codes = [np.array([1]), np.array([2]), np.array([3])]
+    levels = ["a"]
+
+    msg = "Length of levels and codes must be the same"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+
+    length_error = (
+        r"On level 0, code max \(3\) >= length of level \(1\)\. "
+        "NOTE: this index is in an inconsistent state"
+    )
+    label_error = r"Unequal code lengths: \[4, 2\]"
+    code_value_error = r"On level 0, code value \(-2\) < -1"
+
+    # important to check that it's looking at the right thing.
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=length_error):
+        MultiIndex(levels=[["a"], ["b"]], codes=[[0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 3, 4, 1]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=label_error):
+        MultiIndex(levels=[["a"], ["b"]], codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0]])
+
+    # external API
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=length_error):
+        idx.copy().set_levels([["a"], ["b"]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=label_error):
+        idx.copy().set_codes([[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0]])
+
+    # test set_codes with verify_integrity=False
+    # the setting should not raise any value error
+    idx.copy().set_codes(codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0]], verify_integrity=False)
+
+    # code value smaller than -1
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=code_value_error):
+        MultiIndex(levels=[["a"], ["b"]], codes=[[0, -2], [0, 0]])
+
+
+def test_na_levels():
+    # GH26408
+    # test if codes are re-assigned value -1 for levels
+    # with missing values (NaN, NaT, None)
+    result = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, None, pd.NaT, 128, 2]], codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
+    )
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, None, pd.NaT, 128, 2]], codes=[[-1, -1, -1, -1, 3, 4]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, "s", pd.NaT, 128, None]], codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
+    )
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, "s", pd.NaT, 128, None]], codes=[[-1, -1, 1, -1, 3, -1]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # verify set_levels and set_codes
+    result = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]], codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
+    ).set_levels([[np.nan, "s", pd.NaT, 128, None]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, "s", pd.NaT, 128, None]], codes=[[1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]]
+    ).set_codes([[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_copy_in_constructor():
+    levels = np.array(["a", "b", "c"])
+    codes = np.array([1, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1])
+    val = codes[0]
+    mi = MultiIndex(levels=[levels, levels], codes=[codes, codes], copy=True)
+    assert mi.codes[0][0] == val
+    codes[0] = 15
+    assert mi.codes[0][0] == val
+    val = levels[0]
+    levels[0] = "PANDA"
+    assert mi.levels[0][0] == val
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# from_arrays
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def test_from_arrays(idx):
+    arrays = [
+        np.asarray(lev).take(level_codes)
+        for lev, level_codes in zip(idx.levels, idx.codes)
+    ]
+
+    # list of arrays as input
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=idx.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+    # infer correctly
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[pd.NaT, Timestamp("20130101")], ["a", "b"]])
+    assert result.levels[0].equals(Index([Timestamp("20130101")]))
+    assert result.levels[1].equals(Index(["a", "b"]))
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_iterator(idx):
+    # GH 18434
+    arrays = [
+        np.asarray(lev).take(level_codes)
+        for lev, level_codes in zip(idx.levels, idx.codes)
+    ]
+
+    # iterator as input
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays(iter(arrays), names=idx.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+    # invalid iterator input
+    msg = "Input must be a list / sequence of array-likes."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_arrays(0)
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_tuples(idx):
+    arrays = tuple(
+        tuple(np.asarray(lev).take(level_codes))
+        for lev, level_codes in zip(idx.levels, idx.codes)
+    )
+
+    # tuple of tuples as input
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays, names=idx.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("idx1", "idx2"),
+    [
+        (
+            pd.period_range("2011-01-01", freq="D", periods=3),
+            pd.period_range("2015-01-01", freq="h", periods=3),
+        ),
+        (
+            date_range("2015-01-01 10:00", freq="D", periods=3, tz="US/Eastern"),
+            date_range("2015-01-01 10:00", freq="h", periods=3, tz="Asia/Tokyo"),
+        ),
+        (
+            pd.timedelta_range("1 days", freq="D", periods=3),
+            pd.timedelta_range("2 hours", freq="h", periods=3),
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_from_arrays_index_series_period_datetimetz_and_timedelta(idx1, idx2):
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+
+    result2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series(idx1), Series(idx2)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, result2)
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_index_datetimelike_mixed():
+    idx1 = date_range("2015-01-01 10:00", freq="D", periods=3, tz="US/Eastern")
+    idx2 = date_range("2015-01-01 10:00", freq="h", periods=3)
+    idx3 = pd.timedelta_range("1 days", freq="D", periods=3)
+    idx4 = pd.period_range("2011-01-01", freq="D", periods=3)
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2, idx3, idx4])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(2), idx3)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(3), idx4)
+
+    result2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series(idx1), Series(idx2), Series(idx3), Series(idx4)]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(2), idx3)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(3), idx4)
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, result2)
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_index_series_categorical():
+    # GH13743
+    idx1 = pd.CategoricalIndex(list("abcaab"), categories=list("bac"), ordered=False)
+    idx2 = pd.CategoricalIndex(list("abcaab"), categories=list("bac"), ordered=True)
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+
+    result2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series(idx1), Series(idx2)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+
+    result3 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1.values, idx2.values])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result3.get_level_values(0), idx1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result3.get_level_values(1), idx2)
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_empty():
+    # 0 levels
+    msg = "Must pass non-zero number of levels/codes"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=[])
+
+    # 1 level
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=[[]], names=["A"])
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+    expected = Index([], name="A")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[0], expected)
+    assert result.names == ["A"]
+
+    # N levels
+    for N in [2, 3]:
+        arrays = [[]] * N
+        names = list("ABC")[:N]
+        result = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=arrays, names=names)
+        expected = MultiIndex(levels=[[]] * N, codes=[[]] * N, names=names)
+        tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "invalid_sequence_of_arrays",
+    [
+        1,
+        [1],
+        [1, 2],
+        [[1], 2],
+        [1, [2]],
+        "a",
+        ["a"],
+        ["a", "b"],
+        [["a"], "b"],
+        (1,),
+        (1, 2),
+        ([1], 2),
+        (1, [2]),
+        "a",
+        ("a",),
+        ("a", "b"),
+        (["a"], "b"),
+        [(1,), 2],
+        [1, (2,)],
+        [("a",), "b"],
+        ((1,), 2),
+        (1, (2,)),
+        (("a",), "b"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_from_arrays_invalid_input(invalid_sequence_of_arrays):
+    msg = "Input must be a list / sequence of array-likes"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=invalid_sequence_of_arrays)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "idx1, idx2", [([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"]), ([], ["a", "b"]), ([1, 2, 3], [])]
+)
+def test_from_arrays_different_lengths(idx1, idx2):
+    # see gh-13599
+    msg = "^all arrays must be same length$"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2])
+
+
+def test_from_arrays_respects_none_names():
+    # GH27292
+    a = Series([1, 2, 3], name="foo")
+    b = Series(["a", "b", "c"], name="bar")
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([a, b], names=None)
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 2, 3], ["a", "b", "c"]], codes=[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]], names=None
+    )
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# from_tuples
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def test_from_tuples():
+    msg = "Cannot infer number of levels from empty list"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_tuples([])
+
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 3], [2, 4]], codes=[[0, 1], [0, 1]], names=["a", "b"]
+    )
+
+    # input tuples
+    result = MultiIndex.from_tuples(((1, 2), (3, 4)), names=["a", "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_from_tuples_iterator():
+    # GH 18434
+    # input iterator for tuples
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 3], [2, 4]], codes=[[0, 1], [0, 1]], names=["a", "b"]
+    )
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_tuples(zip([1, 3], [2, 4]), names=["a", "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # input non-iterables
+    msg = "Input must be a list / sequence of tuple-likes."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_tuples(0)
+
+
+def test_from_tuples_empty():
+    # GH 16777
+    result = MultiIndex.from_tuples([], names=["a", "b"])
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=[[], []], names=["a", "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_from_tuples_index_values(idx):
+    result = MultiIndex.from_tuples(idx)
+    assert (result.values == idx.values).all()
+
+
+def test_tuples_with_name_string():
+    # GH 15110 and GH 14848
+
+    li = [(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)]
+    msg = "Names should be list-like for a MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        Index(li, name="abc")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        Index(li, name="a")
+
+
+def test_from_tuples_with_tuple_label():
+    # GH 15457
+    expected = pd.DataFrame(
+        [[2, 1, 2], [4, (1, 2), 3]], columns=["a", "b", "c"]
+    ).set_index(["a", "b"])
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(2, 1), (4, (1, 2))], names=("a", "b"))
+    result = pd.DataFrame([2, 3], columns=["c"], index=idx)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(expected, result)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# from_product
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def test_from_product_empty_zero_levels():
+    # 0 levels
+    msg = "Must pass non-zero number of levels/codes"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_product([])
+
+
+def test_from_product_empty_one_level():
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([[]], names=["A"])
+    expected = Index([], name="A")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[0], expected)
+    assert result.names == ["A"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "first, second", [([], []), (["foo", "bar", "baz"], []), ([], ["a", "b", "c"])]
+)
+def test_from_product_empty_two_levels(first, second):
+    names = ["A", "B"]
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([first, second], names=names)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=[first, second], codes=[[], []], names=names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("N", list(range(4)))
+def test_from_product_empty_three_levels(N):
+    # GH12258
+    names = ["A", "B", "C"]
+    lvl2 = list(range(N))
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([[], lvl2, []], names=names)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=[[], lvl2, []], codes=[[], [], []], names=names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "invalid_input", [1, [1], [1, 2], [[1], 2], "a", ["a"], ["a", "b"], [["a"], "b"]]
+)
+def test_from_product_invalid_input(invalid_input):
+    msg = r"Input must be a list / sequence of iterables|Input must be list-like"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_product(iterables=invalid_input)
+
+
+def test_from_product_datetimeindex():
+    dt_index = date_range("2000-01-01", periods=2)
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], dt_index])
+    etalon = construct_1d_object_array_from_listlike(
+        [
+            (1, Timestamp("2000-01-01")),
+            (1, Timestamp("2000-01-02")),
+            (2, Timestamp("2000-01-01")),
+            (2, Timestamp("2000-01-02")),
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(mi.values, etalon)
+
+
+def test_from_product_rangeindex():
+    # RangeIndex is preserved by factorize, so preserved in levels
+    rng = Index(range(5))
+    other = ["a", "b"]
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([rng, other])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(mi._levels[0], rng, exact=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ordered", [False, True])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("f", [lambda x: x, lambda x: Series(x), lambda x: x.values])
+def test_from_product_index_series_categorical(ordered, f):
+    # GH13743
+    first = ["foo", "bar"]
+
+    idx = pd.CategoricalIndex(list("abcaab"), categories=list("bac"), ordered=ordered)
+    expected = pd.CategoricalIndex(
+        list("abcaab") + list("abcaab"), categories=list("bac"), ordered=ordered
+    )
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([first, f(idx)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.get_level_values(1), expected)
+
+
+def test_from_product():
+    first = ["foo", "bar", "buz"]
+    second = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    names = ["first", "second"]
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([first, second], names=names)
+
+    tuples = [
+        ("foo", "a"),
+        ("foo", "b"),
+        ("foo", "c"),
+        ("bar", "a"),
+        ("bar", "b"),
+        ("bar", "c"),
+        ("buz", "a"),
+        ("buz", "b"),
+        ("buz", "c"),
+    ]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=names)
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_from_product_iterator():
+    # GH 18434
+    first = ["foo", "bar", "buz"]
+    second = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    names = ["first", "second"]
+    tuples = [
+        ("foo", "a"),
+        ("foo", "b"),
+        ("foo", "c"),
+        ("bar", "a"),
+        ("bar", "b"),
+        ("bar", "c"),
+        ("buz", "a"),
+        ("buz", "b"),
+        ("buz", "c"),
+    ]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=names)
+
+    # iterator as input
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product(iter([first, second]), names=names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # Invalid non-iterable input
+    msg = "Input must be a list / sequence of iterables."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_product(0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "a, b, expected_names",
+    [
+        (
+            Series([1, 2, 3], name="foo"),
+            Series(["a", "b"], name="bar"),
+            ["foo", "bar"],
+        ),
+        (Series([1, 2, 3], name="foo"), ["a", "b"], ["foo", None]),
+        ([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"], None),
+    ],
+)
+def test_from_product_infer_names(a, b, expected_names):
+    # GH27292
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([a, b])
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]],
+        names=expected_names,
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_from_product_respects_none_names():
+    # GH27292
+    a = Series([1, 2, 3], name="foo")
+    b = Series(["a", "b"], name="bar")
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([a, b], names=None)
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]],
+        names=None,
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_from_product_readonly():
+    # GH#15286 passing read-only array to from_product
+    a = np.array(range(3))
+    b = ["a", "b"]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([a, b])
+
+    a.setflags(write=False)
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product([a, b])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_create_index_existing_name(idx):
+    # GH11193, when an existing index is passed, and a new name is not
+    # specified, the new index should inherit the previous object name
+    index = idx
+    index.names = ["foo", "bar"]
+    result = Index(index)
+    expected = Index(
+        Index(
+            [
+                ("foo", "one"),
+                ("foo", "two"),
+                ("bar", "one"),
+                ("baz", "two"),
+                ("qux", "one"),
+                ("qux", "two"),
+            ],
+            dtype="object",
+        )
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = Index(index, name="A")
+    expected = Index(
+        Index(
+            [
+                ("foo", "one"),
+                ("foo", "two"),
+                ("bar", "one"),
+                ("baz", "two"),
+                ("qux", "one"),
+                ("qux", "two"),
+            ],
+            dtype="object",
+        ),
+        name="A",
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# from_frame
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def test_from_frame():
+    # GH 22420
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        [["a", "a"], ["a", "b"], ["b", "a"], ["b", "b"]], columns=["L1", "L2"]
+    )
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("a", "a"), ("a", "b"), ("b", "a"), ("b", "b")], names=["L1", "L2"]
+    )
+    result = MultiIndex.from_frame(df)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(expected, result)
+
+
+def test_from_frame_missing_values_multiIndex():
+    # GH 39984
+    pa = pytest.importorskip("pyarrow")
+
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "a": Series([1, 2, None], dtype="Int64"),
+            "b": pd.Float64Dtype().__from_arrow__(pa.array([0.2, np.nan, None])),
+        }
+    )
+    multi_indexed = MultiIndex.from_frame(df)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([1, 2, None]).astype("Int64"),
+            pd.Float64Dtype().__from_arrow__(pa.array([0.2, np.nan, None])),
+        ],
+        names=["a", "b"],
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(multi_indexed, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "non_frame",
+    [
+        Series([1, 2, 3, 4]),
+        [1, 2, 3, 4],
+        [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]],
+        Index([1, 2, 3, 4]),
+        np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]),
+        27,
+    ],
+)
+def test_from_frame_error(non_frame):
+    # GH 22420
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Input must be a DataFrame"):
+        MultiIndex.from_frame(non_frame)
+
+
+def test_from_frame_dtype_fidelity():
+    # GH 22420
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "dates": date_range("19910905", periods=6, tz="US/Eastern"),
+            "a": [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+            "b": pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "b", "b", "c", "c"], ordered=True),
+            "c": ["x", "x", "y", "z", "x", "y"],
+        }
+    )
+    original_dtypes = df.dtypes.to_dict()
+
+    expected_mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            date_range("19910905", periods=6, tz="US/Eastern"),
+            [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+            pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "b", "b", "c", "c"], ordered=True),
+            ["x", "x", "y", "z", "x", "y"],
+        ],
+        names=["dates", "a", "b", "c"],
+    )
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_frame(df)
+    mi_dtypes = {name: mi.levels[i].dtype for i, name in enumerate(mi.names)}
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(expected_mi, mi)
+    assert original_dtypes == mi_dtypes
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "names_in,names_out", [(None, [("L1", "x"), ("L2", "y")]), (["x", "y"], ["x", "y"])]
+)
+def test_from_frame_valid_names(names_in, names_out):
+    # GH 22420
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        [["a", "a"], ["a", "b"], ["b", "a"], ["b", "b"]],
+        columns=MultiIndex.from_tuples([("L1", "x"), ("L2", "y")]),
+    )
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_frame(df, names=names_in)
+    assert mi.names == names_out
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "names,expected_error_msg",
+    [
+        ("bad_input", "Names should be list-like for a MultiIndex"),
+        (["a", "b", "c"], "Length of names must match number of levels in MultiIndex"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_from_frame_invalid_names(names, expected_error_msg):
+    # GH 22420
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        [["a", "a"], ["a", "b"], ["b", "a"], ["b", "b"]],
+        columns=MultiIndex.from_tuples([("L1", "x"), ("L2", "y")]),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=expected_error_msg):
+        MultiIndex.from_frame(df, names=names)
+
+
+def test_index_equal_empty_iterable():
+    # #16844
+    a = MultiIndex(levels=[[], []], codes=[[], []], names=["a", "b"])
+    b = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays=[[], []], names=["a", "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(a, b)
+
+
+def test_raise_invalid_sortorder():
+    # Test that the MultiIndex constructor raise when a incorrect sortorder is given
+    # GH#28518
+
+    levels = [[0, 1], [0, 1, 2]]
+
+    # Correct sortorder
+    MultiIndex(
+        levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]], sortorder=2
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r".* sortorder 2 with lexsort_depth 1.*"):
+        MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1]], sortorder=2
+        )
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r".* sortorder 1 with lexsort_depth 0.*"):
+        MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1]], sortorder=1
+        )
+
+
+def test_datetimeindex():
+    idx1 = pd.DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2013-04-01 9:00", "2013-04-02 9:00", "2013-04-03 9:00"] * 2, tz="Asia/Tokyo"
+    )
+    idx2 = date_range("2010/01/01", periods=6, freq="ME", tz="US/Eastern")
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2])
+
+    expected1 = pd.DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2013-04-01 9:00", "2013-04-02 9:00", "2013-04-03 9:00"], tz="Asia/Tokyo"
+    )
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.levels[0], expected1)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.levels[1], idx2)
+
+    # from datetime combos
+    # GH 7888
+    date1 = np.datetime64("today")
+    date2 = datetime.today()
+    date3 = Timestamp.today()
+
+    for d1, d2 in itertools.product([date1, date2, date3], [date1, date2, date3]):
+        index = MultiIndex.from_product([[d1], [d2]])
+        assert isinstance(index.levels[0], pd.DatetimeIndex)
+        assert isinstance(index.levels[1], pd.DatetimeIndex)
+
+    # but NOT date objects, matching Index behavior
+    date4 = date.today()
+    index = MultiIndex.from_product([[date4], [date2]])
+    assert not isinstance(index.levels[0], pd.DatetimeIndex)
+    assert isinstance(index.levels[1], pd.DatetimeIndex)
+
+
+def test_constructor_with_tz():
+    index = pd.DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2013/01/01 09:00", "2013/01/02 09:00"], name="dt1", tz="US/Pacific"
+    )
+    columns = pd.DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2014/01/01 09:00", "2014/01/02 09:00"], name="dt2", tz="Asia/Tokyo"
+    )
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([index, columns])
+
+    assert result.names == ["dt1", "dt2"]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[0], index)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[1], columns)
+
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series(index), Series(columns)])
+
+    assert result.names == ["dt1", "dt2"]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[0], index)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[1], columns)
+
+
+def test_multiindex_inference_consistency():
+    # check that inference behavior matches the base class
+
+    v = date.today()
+
+    arr = [v, v]
+
+    idx = Index(arr)
+    assert idx.dtype == object
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr])
+    lev = mi.levels[0]
+    assert lev.dtype == object
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([arr])
+    lev = mi.levels[0]
+    assert lev.dtype == object
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(x,) for x in arr])
+    lev = mi.levels[0]
+    assert lev.dtype == object
+
+
+def test_dtype_representation(using_infer_string):
+    # GH#46900
+    pmidx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1], ["a"]], names=[("a", "b"), ("c", "d")])
+    result = pmidx.dtypes
+    exp = "object" if not using_infer_string else "string"
+    expected = Series(
+        ["int64", exp],
+        index=MultiIndex.from_tuples([("a", "b"), ("c", "d")]),
+        dtype=object,
+    )
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_conversion.py

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    DataFrame,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_to_numpy(idx):
+    result = idx.to_numpy()
+    exp = idx.values
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, exp)
+
+
+def test_to_frame():
+    tuples = [(1, "one"), (1, "two"), (2, "one"), (2, "two")]
+
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
+    result = index.to_frame(index=False)
+    expected = DataFrame(tuples)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.to_frame()
+    expected.index = index
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    tuples = [(1, "one"), (1, "two"), (2, "one"), (2, "two")]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=["first", "second"])
+    result = index.to_frame(index=False)
+    expected = DataFrame(tuples)
+    expected.columns = ["first", "second"]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.to_frame()
+    expected.index = index
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # See GH-22580
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
+    result = index.to_frame(index=False, name=["first", "second"])
+    expected = DataFrame(tuples)
+    expected.columns = ["first", "second"]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.to_frame(name=["first", "second"])
+    expected.index = index
+    expected.columns = ["first", "second"]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    msg = "'name' must be a list / sequence of column names."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        index.to_frame(name="first")
+
+    msg = "'name' should have same length as number of levels on index."
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        index.to_frame(name=["first"])
+
+    # Tests for datetime index
+    index = MultiIndex.from_product([range(5), pd.date_range("20130101", periods=3)])
+    result = index.to_frame(index=False)
+    expected = DataFrame(
+        {
+            0: np.repeat(np.arange(5, dtype="int64"), 3),
+            1: np.tile(pd.date_range("20130101", periods=3), 5),
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.to_frame()
+    expected.index = index
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # See GH-22580
+    result = index.to_frame(index=False, name=["first", "second"])
+    expected = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "first": np.repeat(np.arange(5, dtype="int64"), 3),
+            "second": np.tile(pd.date_range("20130101", periods=3), 5),
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.to_frame(name=["first", "second"])
+    expected.index = index
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_to_frame_dtype_fidelity():
+    # GH 22420
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            pd.date_range("19910905", periods=6, tz="US/Eastern"),
+            [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+            pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "b", "b", "c", "c"], ordered=True),
+            ["x", "x", "y", "z", "x", "y"],
+        ],
+        names=["dates", "a", "b", "c"],
+    )
+    original_dtypes = {name: mi.levels[i].dtype for i, name in enumerate(mi.names)}
+
+    expected_df = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "dates": pd.date_range("19910905", periods=6, tz="US/Eastern"),
+            "a": [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2],
+            "b": pd.Categorical(["a", "a", "b", "b", "c", "c"], ordered=True),
+            "c": ["x", "x", "y", "z", "x", "y"],
+        }
+    )
+    df = mi.to_frame(index=False)
+    df_dtypes = df.dtypes.to_dict()
+
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected_df)
+    assert original_dtypes == df_dtypes
+
+
+def test_to_frame_resulting_column_order():
+    # GH 22420
+    expected = ["z", 0, "a"]
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [["a", "b", "c"], ["x", "y", "z"], ["q", "w", "e"]], names=expected
+    )
+    result = mi.to_frame().columns.tolist()
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_to_frame_duplicate_labels():
+    # GH 45245
+    data = [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
+    names = ["a", "a"]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(data, names=names)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot create duplicate column labels"):
+        index.to_frame()
+
+    result = index.to_frame(allow_duplicates=True)
+    expected = DataFrame(data, index=index, columns=names)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    names = [None, 0]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(data, names=names)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Cannot create duplicate column labels"):
+        index.to_frame()
+
+    result = index.to_frame(allow_duplicates=True)
+    expected = DataFrame(data, index=index, columns=[0, 0])
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_to_flat_index(idx):
+    expected = pd.Index(
+        (
+            ("foo", "one"),
+            ("foo", "two"),
+            ("bar", "one"),
+            ("baz", "two"),
+            ("qux", "one"),
+            ("qux", "two"),
+        ),
+        tupleize_cols=False,
+    )
+    result = idx.to_flat_index()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_copy.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from copy import (
+    copy,
+    deepcopy,
+)
+
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def assert_multiindex_copied(copy, original):
+    # Levels should be (at least, shallow copied)
+    tm.assert_copy(copy.levels, original.levels)
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(copy.codes, original.codes)
+
+    # Labels doesn't matter which way copied
+    tm.assert_almost_equal(copy.codes, original.codes)
+    assert copy.codes is not original.codes
+
+    # Names doesn't matter which way copied
+    assert copy.names == original.names
+    assert copy.names is not original.names
+
+    # Sort order should be copied
+    assert copy.sortorder == original.sortorder
+
+
+def test_copy(idx):
+    i_copy = idx.copy()
+
+    assert_multiindex_copied(i_copy, idx)
+
+
+def test_shallow_copy(idx):
+    i_copy = idx._view()
+
+    assert_multiindex_copied(i_copy, idx)
+
+
+def test_view(idx):
+    i_view = idx.view()
+    assert_multiindex_copied(i_view, idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", [copy, deepcopy])
+def test_copy_and_deepcopy(func):
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["foo", "bar"], ["fizz", "buzz"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    idx_copy = func(idx)
+    assert idx_copy is not idx
+    assert idx_copy.equals(idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("deep", [True, False])
+def test_copy_method(deep):
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["foo", "bar"], ["fizz", "buzz"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    idx_copy = idx.copy(deep=deep)
+    assert idx_copy.equals(idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("deep", [True, False])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kwarg, value",
+    [
+        ("names", ["third", "fourth"]),
+    ],
+)
+def test_copy_method_kwargs(deep, kwarg, value):
+    # gh-12309: Check that the "name" argument as well other kwargs are honored
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["foo", "bar"], ["fizz", "buzz"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    idx_copy = idx.copy(**{kwarg: value, "deep": deep})
+    assert getattr(idx_copy, kwarg) == value
+
+
+def test_copy_deep_false_retains_id():
+    # GH#47878
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["foo", "bar"], ["fizz", "buzz"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+
+    res = idx.copy(deep=False)
+    assert res._id is idx._id

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_drop.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.errors import PerformanceWarning
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_drop(idx):
+    dropped = idx.drop([("foo", "two"), ("qux", "one")])
+
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("foo", "two"), ("qux", "one")])
+    dropped2 = idx.drop(index)
+
+    expected = idx[[0, 2, 3, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped2, expected)
+
+    dropped = idx.drop(["bar"])
+    expected = idx[[0, 1, 3, 4, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    dropped = idx.drop("foo")
+    expected = idx[[2, 3, 4, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("bar", "two")])
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\('bar', 'two'\)$"):
+        idx.drop([("bar", "two")])
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\('bar', 'two'\)$"):
+        idx.drop(index)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^'two'$"):
+        idx.drop(["foo", "two"])
+
+    # partially correct argument
+    mixed_index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("qux", "one"), ("bar", "two")])
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\('bar', 'two'\)$"):
+        idx.drop(mixed_index)
+
+    # error='ignore'
+    dropped = idx.drop(index, errors="ignore")
+    expected = idx[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    dropped = idx.drop(mixed_index, errors="ignore")
+    expected = idx[[0, 1, 2, 3, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    dropped = idx.drop(["foo", "two"], errors="ignore")
+    expected = idx[[2, 3, 4, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    # mixed partial / full drop
+    dropped = idx.drop(["foo", ("qux", "one")])
+    expected = idx[[2, 3, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+    # mixed partial / full drop / error='ignore'
+    mixed_index = ["foo", ("qux", "one"), "two"]
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^'two'$"):
+        idx.drop(mixed_index)
+    dropped = idx.drop(mixed_index, errors="ignore")
+    expected = idx[[2, 3, 5]]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(dropped, expected)
+
+
+def test_droplevel_with_names(idx):
+    index = idx[idx.get_loc("foo")]
+    dropped = index.droplevel(0)
+    assert dropped.name == "second"
+
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[Index(range(4)), Index(range(4)), Index(range(4))],
+        codes=[
+            np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3]),
+            np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]),
+            np.array([1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]),
+        ],
+        names=["one", "two", "three"],
+    )
+    dropped = index.droplevel(0)
+    assert dropped.names == ("two", "three")
+
+    dropped = index.droplevel("two")
+    expected = index.droplevel(1)
+    assert dropped.equals(expected)
+
+
+def test_droplevel_list():
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[Index(range(4)), Index(range(4)), Index(range(4))],
+        codes=[
+            np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3]),
+            np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]),
+            np.array([1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]),
+        ],
+        names=["one", "two", "three"],
+    )
+
+    dropped = index[:2].droplevel(["three", "one"])
+    expected = index[:2].droplevel(2).droplevel(0)
+    assert dropped.equals(expected)
+
+    dropped = index[:2].droplevel([])
+    expected = index[:2]
+    assert dropped.equals(expected)
+
+    msg = (
+        "Cannot remove 3 levels from an index with 3 levels: "
+        "at least one level must be left"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        index[:2].droplevel(["one", "two", "three"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'Level four not found'"):
+        index[:2].droplevel(["one", "four"])
+
+
+def test_drop_not_lexsorted():
+    # GH 12078
+
+    # define the lexsorted version of the multi-index
+    tuples = [("a", ""), ("b1", "c1"), ("b2", "c2")]
+    lexsorted_mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=["b", "c"])
+    assert lexsorted_mi._is_lexsorted()
+
+    # and the not-lexsorted version
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        columns=["a", "b", "c", "d"], data=[[1, "b1", "c1", 3], [1, "b2", "c2", 4]]
+    )
+    df = df.pivot_table(index="a", columns=["b", "c"], values="d")
+    df = df.reset_index()
+    not_lexsorted_mi = df.columns
+    assert not not_lexsorted_mi._is_lexsorted()
+
+    # compare the results
+    tm.assert_index_equal(lexsorted_mi, not_lexsorted_mi)
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(PerformanceWarning):
+        tm.assert_index_equal(lexsorted_mi.drop("a"), not_lexsorted_mi.drop("a"))
+
+
+def test_drop_with_nan_in_index(nulls_fixture):
+    # GH#18853
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("blah", nulls_fixture)], names=["name", "date"])
+    msg = r"labels \[Timestamp\('2001-01-01 00:00:00'\)\] not found in level"
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop(pd.Timestamp("2001"), level="date")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings("ignore::pandas.errors.PerformanceWarning")
+def test_drop_with_non_monotonic_duplicates():
+    # GH#33494
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 2)])
+    result = mi.drop((1, 2))
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(2, 3)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_single_level_drop_partially_missing_elements():
+    # GH 37820
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2)])
+    msg = r"labels \[4\] not found in level"
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop(4, level=0)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop([1, 4], level=0)
+    msg = r"labels \[nan\] not found in level"
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop([np.nan], level=0)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop([np.nan, 1, 2, 3], level=0)
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(np.nan, 1), (1, 2)])
+    msg = r"labels \['a'\] not found in level"
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=msg):
+        mi.drop([np.nan, 1, "a"], level=0)
+
+
+def test_droplevel_multiindex_one_level():
+    # GH#37208
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(2,)], names=("b",))
+    result = index.droplevel([])
+    expected = Index([2], name="b")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_duplicates.py

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+from itertools import product
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas._libs import (
+    hashtable,
+    index as libindex,
+)
+
+from pandas import (
+    NA,
+    DatetimeIndex,
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Series,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def idx_dup():
+    # compare tests/indexes/multi/conftest.py
+    major_axis = Index(["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"])
+    minor_axis = Index(["one", "two"])
+
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+    index_names = ["first", "second"]
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis],
+        codes=[major_codes, minor_codes],
+        names=index_names,
+        verify_integrity=False,
+    )
+    return mi
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("names", [None, ["first", "second"]])
+def test_unique(names):
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1, 2]], names=names)
+
+    res = mi.unique()
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2, 2], [1, 1, 2]], names=mi.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, exp)
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([list("aaaa"), list("abab")], names=names)
+    res = mi.unique()
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays([list("aa"), list("ab")], names=mi.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, exp)
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([list("aaaa"), list("aaaa")], names=names)
+    res = mi.unique()
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["a"], ["a"]], names=mi.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, exp)
+
+    # GH #20568 - empty MI
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[], []], names=names)
+    res = mi.unique()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(mi, res)
+
+
+def test_unique_datetimelike():
+    idx1 = DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2015-01-01", "2015-01-01", "2015-01-01", "2015-01-01", "NaT", "NaT"]
+    )
+    idx2 = DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2015-01-01", "2015-01-01", "2015-01-02", "2015-01-02", "NaT", "2015-01-01"],
+        tz="Asia/Tokyo",
+    )
+    result = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2]).unique()
+
+    eidx1 = DatetimeIndex(["2015-01-01", "2015-01-01", "NaT", "NaT"])
+    eidx2 = DatetimeIndex(
+        ["2015-01-01", "2015-01-02", "NaT", "2015-01-01"], tz="Asia/Tokyo"
+    )
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays([eidx1, eidx2])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, exp)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("level", [0, "first", 1, "second"])
+def test_unique_level(idx, level):
+    # GH #17896 - with level= argument
+    result = idx.unique(level=level)
+    expected = idx.get_level_values(level).unique()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # With already unique level
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 3, 2, 4], [1, 3, 2, 5]], names=["first", "second"])
+    result = mi.unique(level=level)
+    expected = mi.get_level_values(level)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # With empty MI
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[], []], names=["first", "second"])
+    result = mi.unique(level=level)
+    expected = mi.get_level_values(level)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_duplicate_multiindex_codes():
+    # GH 17464
+    # Make sure that a MultiIndex with duplicate levels throws a ValueError
+    msg = r"Level values must be unique: \[[A', ]+\] on level 0"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        mi = MultiIndex([["A"] * 10, range(10)], [[0] * 10, range(10)])
+
+    # And that using set_levels with duplicate levels fails
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["A", "A", "B", "B", "B"], [1, 2, 1, 2, 3]])
+    msg = r"Level values must be unique: \[[AB', ]+\] on level 0"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        mi.set_levels([["A", "B", "A", "A", "B"], [2, 1, 3, -2, 5]])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("names", [["a", "b", "a"], [1, 1, 2], [1, "a", 1]])
+def test_duplicate_level_names(names):
+    # GH18872, GH19029
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1]] * 3, names=names)
+    assert mi.names == names
+
+    # With .rename()
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1]] * 3)
+    mi = mi.rename(names)
+    assert mi.names == names
+
+    # With .rename(., level=)
+    mi.rename(names[1], level=1, inplace=True)
+    mi = mi.rename([names[0], names[2]], level=[0, 2])
+    assert mi.names == names
+
+
+def test_duplicate_meta_data():
+    # GH 10115
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[0, 1], [0, 1, 2]], codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2]]
+    )
+
+    for idx in [
+        mi,
+        mi.set_names([None, None]),
+        mi.set_names([None, "Num"]),
+        mi.set_names(["Upper", "Num"]),
+    ]:
+        assert idx.has_duplicates
+        assert idx.drop_duplicates().names == idx.names
+
+
+def test_has_duplicates(idx, idx_dup):
+    # see fixtures
+    assert idx.is_unique is True
+    assert idx.has_duplicates is False
+    assert idx_dup.is_unique is False
+    assert idx_dup.has_duplicates is True
+
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[0, 1], [0, 1, 2]], codes=[[0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 2]]
+    )
+    assert mi.is_unique is False
+    assert mi.has_duplicates is True
+
+    # single instance of NaN
+    mi_nan = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["a", "b"], [0, 1]], codes=[[-1, 0, 0, 1, 1], [-1, 0, 1, 0, 1]]
+    )
+    assert mi_nan.is_unique is True
+    assert mi_nan.has_duplicates is False
+
+    # multiple instances of NaN
+    mi_nan_dup = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["a", "b"], [0, 1]], codes=[[-1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1], [-1, -1, 0, 1, 0, 1]]
+    )
+    assert mi_nan_dup.is_unique is False
+    assert mi_nan_dup.has_duplicates is True
+
+
+def test_has_duplicates_from_tuples():
+    # GH 9075
+    t = [
+        ("x", "out", "z", 5, "y", "in", "z", 169),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 7, "y", "in", "z", 119),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 9, "y", "in", "z", 135),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 13, "y", "in", "z", 145),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 14, "y", "in", "z", 158),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 16, "y", "in", "z", 122),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 17, "y", "in", "z", 160),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 18, "y", "in", "z", 180),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 20, "y", "in", "z", 143),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 21, "y", "in", "z", 128),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 22, "y", "in", "z", 129),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 25, "y", "in", "z", 111),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 28, "y", "in", "z", 114),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 29, "y", "in", "z", 121),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 31, "y", "in", "z", 126),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 32, "y", "in", "z", 155),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 33, "y", "in", "z", 123),
+        ("x", "out", "z", 12, "y", "in", "z", 144),
+    ]
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(t)
+    assert not mi.has_duplicates
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("nlevels", [4, 8])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("with_nulls", [True, False])
+def test_has_duplicates_overflow(nlevels, with_nulls):
+    # handle int64 overflow if possible
+    # no overflow with 4
+    # overflow possible with 8
+    codes = np.tile(np.arange(500), 2)
+    level = np.arange(500)
+
+    if with_nulls:  # inject some null values
+        codes[500] = -1  # common nan value
+        codes = [codes.copy() for i in range(nlevels)]
+        for i in range(nlevels):
+            codes[i][500 + i - nlevels // 2] = -1
+
+        codes += [np.array([-1, 1]).repeat(500)]
+    else:
+        codes = [codes] * nlevels + [np.arange(2).repeat(500)]
+
+    levels = [level] * nlevels + [[0, 1]]
+
+    # no dups
+    mi = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+    assert not mi.has_duplicates
+
+    # with a dup
+    if with_nulls:
+
+        def f(a):
+            return np.insert(a, 1000, a[0])
+
+        codes = list(map(f, codes))
+        mi = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+    else:
+        values = mi.values.tolist()
+        mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(values + [values[0]])
+
+    assert mi.has_duplicates
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "keep, expected",
+    [
+        ("first", np.array([False, False, False, True, True, False])),
+        ("last", np.array([False, True, True, False, False, False])),
+        (False, np.array([False, True, True, True, True, False])),
+    ],
+)
+def test_duplicated(idx_dup, keep, expected):
+    result = idx_dup.duplicated(keep=keep)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.arm_slow
+def test_duplicated_hashtable_impl(keep, monkeypatch):
+    # GH 9125
+    n, k = 6, 10
+    levels = [np.arange(n), [str(i) for i in range(n)], 1000 + np.arange(n)]
+    codes = [np.random.default_rng(2).choice(n, k * n) for _ in levels]
+    with monkeypatch.context() as m:
+        m.setattr(libindex, "_SIZE_CUTOFF", 50)
+        mi = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+
+        result = mi.duplicated(keep=keep)
+        expected = hashtable.duplicated(mi.values, keep=keep)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [101, 102])
+def test_duplicated_with_nan(val):
+    # GH5873
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[101, val], [3.5, np.nan]])
+    assert not mi.has_duplicates
+
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(mi.duplicated(), np.zeros(2, dtype="bool"))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("n", range(1, 6))
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("m", range(1, 5))
+def test_duplicated_with_nan_multi_shape(n, m):
+    # GH5873
+    # all possible unique combinations, including nan
+    codes = product(range(-1, n), range(-1, m))
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[list("abcde")[:n], list("WXYZ")[:m]],
+        codes=np.random.default_rng(2).permutation(list(codes)).T,
+    )
+    assert len(mi) == (n + 1) * (m + 1)
+    assert not mi.has_duplicates
+
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(mi.duplicated(), np.zeros(len(mi), dtype="bool"))
+
+
+def test_duplicated_drop_duplicates():
+    # GH#4060
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))
+
+    expected = np.array([False, False, False, True, False, False], dtype=bool)
+    duplicated = idx.duplicated()
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(duplicated, expected)
+    assert duplicated.dtype == bool
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(([1, 2, 3, 2, 3], [1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.drop_duplicates(), expected)
+
+    expected = np.array([True, False, False, False, False, False])
+    duplicated = idx.duplicated(keep="last")
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(duplicated, expected)
+    assert duplicated.dtype == bool
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(([2, 3, 1, 2, 3], [1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.drop_duplicates(keep="last"), expected)
+
+    expected = np.array([True, False, False, True, False, False])
+    duplicated = idx.duplicated(keep=False)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(duplicated, expected)
+    assert duplicated.dtype == bool
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(([2, 3, 2, 3], [1, 1, 2, 2]))
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.drop_duplicates(keep=False), expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "dtype",
+    [
+        np.complex64,
+        np.complex128,
+    ],
+)
+def test_duplicated_series_complex_numbers(dtype):
+    # GH 17927
+    expected = Series(
+        [False, False, False, True, False, False, False, True, False, True],
+        dtype=bool,
+    )
+    result = Series(
+        [
+            np.nan + np.nan * 1j,
+            0,
+            1j,
+            1j,
+            1,
+            1 + 1j,
+            1 + 2j,
+            1 + 1j,
+            np.nan,
+            np.nan + np.nan * 1j,
+        ],
+        dtype=dtype,
+    ).duplicated()
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_midx_unique_ea_dtype():
+    # GH#48335
+    vals_a = Series([1, 2, NA, NA], dtype="Int64")
+    vals_b = np.array([1, 2, 3, 3])
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([vals_a, vals_b], names=["a", "b"])
+    result = midx.unique()
+
+    exp_vals_a = Series([1, 2, NA], dtype="Int64")
+    exp_vals_b = np.array([1, 2, 3])
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([exp_vals_a, exp_vals_b], names=["a", "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_equivalence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_any_real_numeric_dtype
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Series,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_equals(idx):
+    assert idx.equals(idx)
+    assert idx.equals(idx.copy())
+    assert idx.equals(idx.astype(object))
+    assert idx.equals(idx.to_flat_index())
+    assert idx.equals(idx.to_flat_index().astype("category"))
+
+    assert not idx.equals(list(idx))
+    assert not idx.equals(np.array(idx))
+
+    same_values = Index(idx, dtype=object)
+    assert idx.equals(same_values)
+    assert same_values.equals(idx)
+
+    if idx.nlevels == 1:
+        # do not test MultiIndex
+        assert not idx.equals(Series(idx))
+
+
+def test_equals_op(idx):
+    # GH9947, GH10637
+    index_a = idx
+
+    n = len(index_a)
+    index_b = index_a[0:-1]
+    index_c = index_a[0:-1].append(index_a[-2:-1])
+    index_d = index_a[0:1]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == index_b
+    expected1 = np.array([True] * n)
+    expected2 = np.array([True] * (n - 1) + [False])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == index_a, expected1)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == index_c, expected2)
+
+    # test comparisons with numpy arrays
+    array_a = np.array(index_a)
+    array_b = np.array(index_a[0:-1])
+    array_c = np.array(index_a[0:-1].append(index_a[-2:-1]))
+    array_d = np.array(index_a[0:1])
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == array_b
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == array_a, expected1)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == array_c, expected2)
+
+    # test comparisons with Series
+    series_a = Series(array_a)
+    series_b = Series(array_b)
+    series_c = Series(array_c)
+    series_d = Series(array_d)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == series_b
+
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == series_a, expected1)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == series_c, expected2)
+
+    # cases where length is 1 for one of them
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == index_d
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == series_d
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        index_a == array_d
+    msg = "Can only compare identically-labeled Series objects"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        series_a == series_d
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Lengths must match"):
+        series_a == array_d
+
+    # comparing with a scalar should broadcast; note that we are excluding
+    # MultiIndex because in this case each item in the index is a tuple of
+    # length 2, and therefore is considered an array of length 2 in the
+    # comparison instead of a scalar
+    if not isinstance(index_a, MultiIndex):
+        expected3 = np.array([False] * (len(index_a) - 2) + [True, False])
+        # assuming the 2nd to last item is unique in the data
+        item = index_a[-2]
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index_a == item, expected3)
+        tm.assert_series_equal(series_a == item, Series(expected3))
+
+
+def test_compare_tuple():
+    # GH#21517
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2]] * 2)
+
+    all_false = np.array([False, False, False, False])
+
+    result = mi == mi[0]
+    expected = np.array([True, False, False, False])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = mi != mi[0]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, ~expected)
+
+    result = mi < mi[0]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, all_false)
+
+    result = mi <= mi[0]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = mi > mi[0]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, ~expected)
+
+    result = mi >= mi[0]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, ~all_false)
+
+
+def test_compare_tuple_strs():
+    # GH#34180
+
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("a", "b"), ("b", "c"), ("c", "a")])
+
+    result = mi == ("c", "a")
+    expected = np.array([False, False, True])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = mi == ("c",)
+    expected = np.array([False, False, False])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_equals_multi(idx):
+    assert idx.equals(idx)
+    assert not idx.equals(idx.values)
+    assert idx.equals(Index(idx.values))
+
+    assert idx.equal_levels(idx)
+    assert not idx.equals(idx[:-1])
+    assert not idx.equals(idx[-1])
+
+    # different number of levels
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[Index(list(range(4))), Index(list(range(4))), Index(list(range(4)))],
+        codes=[
+            np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3]),
+            np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1]),
+            np.array([1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0]),
+        ],
+    )
+
+    index2 = MultiIndex(levels=index.levels[:-1], codes=index.codes[:-1])
+    assert not index.equals(index2)
+    assert not index.equal_levels(index2)
+
+    # levels are different
+    major_axis = Index(list(range(4)))
+    minor_axis = Index(list(range(2)))
+
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0])
+
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis], codes=[major_codes, minor_codes]
+    )
+    assert not idx.equals(index)
+    assert not idx.equal_levels(index)
+
+    # some of the labels are different
+    major_axis = Index(["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"])
+    minor_axis = Index(["one", "two"])
+
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis], codes=[major_codes, minor_codes]
+    )
+    assert not idx.equals(index)
+
+
+def test_identical(idx):
+    mi = idx.copy()
+    mi2 = idx.copy()
+    assert mi.identical(mi2)
+
+    mi = mi.set_names(["new1", "new2"])
+    assert mi.equals(mi2)
+    assert not mi.identical(mi2)
+
+    mi2 = mi2.set_names(["new1", "new2"])
+    assert mi.identical(mi2)
+
+    mi4 = Index(mi.tolist(), tupleize_cols=False)
+    assert not mi.identical(mi4)
+    assert mi.equals(mi4)
+
+
+def test_equals_operator(idx):
+    # GH9785
+    assert (idx == idx).all()
+
+
+def test_equals_missing_values():
+    # make sure take is not using -1
+    i = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, pd.NaT), (0, pd.Timestamp("20130101"))])
+    result = i[0:1].equals(i[0])
+    assert not result
+    result = i[1:2].equals(i[1])
+    assert not result
+
+
+def test_equals_missing_values_differently_sorted():
+    # GH#38439
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(81.0, np.nan), (np.nan, np.nan)])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(np.nan, np.nan), (81.0, np.nan)])
+    assert not mi1.equals(mi2)
+
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(81.0, np.nan), (np.nan, np.nan)])
+    assert mi1.equals(mi2)
+
+
+def test_is_():
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(zip(range(10), range(10)))
+    assert mi.is_(mi)
+    assert mi.is_(mi.view())
+    assert mi.is_(mi.view().view().view().view())
+    mi2 = mi.view()
+    # names are metadata, they don't change id
+    mi2.names = ["A", "B"]
+    assert mi2.is_(mi)
+    assert mi.is_(mi2)
+
+    assert not mi.is_(mi.set_names(["C", "D"]))
+    # levels are inherent properties, they change identity
+    mi3 = mi2.set_levels([list(range(10)), list(range(10))])
+    assert not mi3.is_(mi2)
+    # shouldn't change
+    assert mi2.is_(mi)
+    mi4 = mi3.view()
+
+    # GH 17464 - Remove duplicate MultiIndex levels
+    mi4 = mi4.set_levels([list(range(10)), list(range(10))])
+    assert not mi4.is_(mi3)
+    mi5 = mi.view()
+    mi5 = mi5.set_levels(mi5.levels)
+    assert not mi5.is_(mi)
+
+
+def test_is_all_dates(idx):
+    assert not idx._is_all_dates
+
+
+def test_is_numeric(idx):
+    # MultiIndex is never numeric
+    assert not is_any_real_numeric_dtype(idx)
+
+
+def test_multiindex_compare():
+    # GH 21149
+    # Ensure comparison operations for MultiIndex with nlevels == 1
+    # behave consistently with those for MultiIndex with nlevels > 1
+
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1]])
+
+    # Equality self-test: MultiIndex object vs self
+    expected = Series([True, True])
+    result = Series(midx == midx)
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # Greater than comparison: MultiIndex object vs self
+    expected = Series([False, False])
+    result = Series(midx > midx)
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_equals_ea_int_regular_int():
+    # GH#46026
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Index([1, 2], dtype="Int64"), [3, 4]])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    assert not mi1.equals(mi2)
+    assert not mi2.equals(mi1)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_formats.py

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_format(idx):
+    msg = "MultiIndex.format is deprecated"
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=msg):
+        idx.format()
+        idx[:0].format()
+
+
+def test_format_integer_names():
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[0, 1], [0, 1]], codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 1]], names=[0, 1]
+    )
+    msg = "MultiIndex.format is deprecated"
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=msg):
+        index.format(names=True)
+
+
+def test_format_sparse_config(idx):
+    # GH1538
+    msg = "MultiIndex.format is deprecated"
+    with pd.option_context("display.multi_sparse", False):
+        with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=msg):
+            result = idx.format()
+    assert result[1] == "foo  two"
+
+
+def test_format_sparse_display():
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[0, 1], [0, 1], [0, 1], [0]],
+        codes=[
+            [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1],
+            [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
+            [0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0],
+            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
+        ],
+    )
+    msg = "MultiIndex.format is deprecated"
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(FutureWarning, match=msg):
+        result = index.format()
+    assert result[3] == "1  0  0  0"
+
+
+def test_repr_with_unicode_data():
+    with pd.option_context("display.encoding", "UTF-8"):
+        d = {"a": ["\u05d0", 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6], "c": [7, 8, 9]}
+        index = pd.DataFrame(d).set_index(["a", "b"]).index
+        assert "\\" not in repr(index)  # we don't want unicode-escaped
+
+
+def test_repr_roundtrip_raises():
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([list("ab"), range(3)], names=["first", "second"])
+    msg = "Must pass both levels and codes"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        eval(repr(mi))
+
+
+def test_unicode_string_with_unicode():
+    d = {"a": ["\u05d0", 2, 3], "b": [4, 5, 6], "c": [7, 8, 9]}
+    idx = pd.DataFrame(d).set_index(["a", "b"]).index
+    str(idx)
+
+
+def test_repr_max_seq_item_setting(idx):
+    # GH10182
+    idx = idx.repeat(50)
+    with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", None):
+        repr(idx)
+        assert "..." not in str(idx)
+
+
+class TestRepr:
+    def test_unicode_repr_issues(self):
+        levels = [Index(["a/\u03c3", "b/\u03c3", "c/\u03c3"]), Index([0, 1])]
+        codes = [np.arange(3).repeat(2), np.tile(np.arange(2), 3)]
+        index = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+
+        repr(index.levels)
+        repr(index.get_level_values(1))
+
+    def test_repr_max_seq_items_equal_to_n(self, idx):
+        # display.max_seq_items == n
+        with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", 6):
+            result = idx.__repr__()
+            expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('foo', 'one'),
+            ('foo', 'two'),
+            ('bar', 'one'),
+            ('baz', 'two'),
+            ('qux', 'one'),
+            ('qux', 'two')],
+           names=['first', 'second'])"""
+            assert result == expected
+
+    def test_repr(self, idx):
+        result = idx[:1].__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('foo', 'one')],
+           names=['first', 'second'])"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+        result = idx.__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('foo', 'one'),
+            ('foo', 'two'),
+            ('bar', 'one'),
+            ('baz', 'two'),
+            ('qux', 'one'),
+            ('qux', 'two')],
+           names=['first', 'second'])"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+        with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", 5):
+            result = idx.__repr__()
+            expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('foo', 'one'),
+            ('foo', 'two'),
+            ...
+            ('qux', 'one'),
+            ('qux', 'two')],
+           names=['first', 'second'], length=6)"""
+            assert result == expected
+
+        # display.max_seq_items == 1
+        with pd.option_context("display.max_seq_items", 1):
+            result = idx.__repr__()
+            expected = """\
+MultiIndex([...
+            ('qux', 'two')],
+           names=['first', ...], length=6)"""
+            assert result == expected
+
+    def test_rjust(self):
+        n = 1000
+        ci = pd.CategoricalIndex(list("a" * n) + (["abc"] * n))
+        dti = pd.date_range("2000-01-01", freq="s", periods=n * 2)
+        mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([ci, ci.codes + 9, dti], names=["a", "b", "dti"])
+        result = mi[:1].__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00')],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti'])"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+        result = mi[::500].__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([(  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:08:20'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:16:40'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:25:00')],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti'])"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+        result = mi.__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([(  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:01'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:02'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:03'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:04'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:05'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:06'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:07'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:08'),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:09'),
+            ...
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:10'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:11'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:12'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:13'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:14'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:15'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:16'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:17'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:18'),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:19')],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti'], length=2000)"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+    def test_tuple_width(self):
+        n = 1000
+        ci = pd.CategoricalIndex(list("a" * n) + (["abc"] * n))
+        dti = pd.date_range("2000-01-01", freq="s", periods=n * 2)
+        levels = [ci, ci.codes + 9, dti, dti, dti]
+        names = ["a", "b", "dti_1", "dti_2", "dti_3"]
+        mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(levels, names=names)
+        result = mi[:1].__repr__()
+        expected = """MultiIndex([('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00', '2000-01-01 00:00:00', ...)],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti_1', 'dti_2', 'dti_3'])"""  # noqa: E501
+        assert result == expected
+
+        result = mi[:10].__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00', '2000-01-01 00:00:00', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:01', '2000-01-01 00:00:01', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:02', '2000-01-01 00:00:02', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:03', '2000-01-01 00:00:03', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:04', '2000-01-01 00:00:04', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:05', '2000-01-01 00:00:05', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:06', '2000-01-01 00:00:06', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:07', '2000-01-01 00:00:07', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:08', '2000-01-01 00:00:08', ...),
+            ('a', 9, '2000-01-01 00:00:09', '2000-01-01 00:00:09', ...)],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti_1', 'dti_2', 'dti_3'])"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+        result = mi.__repr__()
+        expected = """\
+MultiIndex([(  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:00', '2000-01-01 00:00:00', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:01', '2000-01-01 00:00:01', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:02', '2000-01-01 00:00:02', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:03', '2000-01-01 00:00:03', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:04', '2000-01-01 00:00:04', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:05', '2000-01-01 00:00:05', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:06', '2000-01-01 00:00:06', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:07', '2000-01-01 00:00:07', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:08', '2000-01-01 00:00:08', ...),
+            (  'a',  9, '2000-01-01 00:00:09', '2000-01-01 00:00:09', ...),
+            ...
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:10', '2000-01-01 00:33:10', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:11', '2000-01-01 00:33:11', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:12', '2000-01-01 00:33:12', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:13', '2000-01-01 00:33:13', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:14', '2000-01-01 00:33:14', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:15', '2000-01-01 00:33:15', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:16', '2000-01-01 00:33:16', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:17', '2000-01-01 00:33:17', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:18', '2000-01-01 00:33:18', ...),
+            ('abc', 10, '2000-01-01 00:33:19', '2000-01-01 00:33:19', ...)],
+           names=['a', 'b', 'dti_1', 'dti_2', 'dti_3'], length=2000)"""
+        assert result == expected
+
+    def test_multiindex_long_element(self):
+        # Non-regression test towards GH#52960
+        data = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("c" * 62,)])
+
+        expected = (
+            "MultiIndex([('cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc"
+            "cccccccccccccccccccccc',)],\n           )"
+        )
+        assert str(data) == expected

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_level_values.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import numpy as np
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    CategoricalIndex,
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Timestamp,
+    date_range,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+class TestGetLevelValues:
+    def test_get_level_values_box_datetime64(self):
+        dates = date_range("1/1/2000", periods=4)
+        levels = [dates, [0, 1]]
+        codes = [[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], [0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1]]
+
+        index = MultiIndex(levels=levels, codes=codes)
+
+        assert isinstance(index.get_level_values(0)[0], Timestamp)
+
+
+def test_get_level_values(idx):
+    result = idx.get_level_values(0)
+    expected = Index(["foo", "foo", "bar", "baz", "qux", "qux"], name="first")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+    assert result.name == "first"
+
+    result = idx.get_level_values("first")
+    expected = idx.get_level_values(0)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # GH 10460
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[CategoricalIndex(["A", "B"]), CategoricalIndex([1, 2, 3])],
+        codes=[np.array([0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]), np.array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2])],
+    )
+
+    exp = CategoricalIndex(["A", "A", "A", "B", "B", "B"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(index.get_level_values(0), exp)
+    exp = CategoricalIndex([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(index.get_level_values(1), exp)
+
+
+def test_get_level_values_all_na():
+    # GH#17924 when level entirely consists of nan
+    arrays = [[np.nan, np.nan, np.nan], ["a", np.nan, 1]]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(0)
+    expected = Index([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan], dtype=np.float64)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.get_level_values(1)
+    expected = Index(["a", np.nan, 1], dtype=object)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_level_values_int_with_na():
+    # GH#17924
+    arrays = [["a", "b", "b"], [1, np.nan, 2]]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(1)
+    expected = Index([1, np.nan, 2])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    arrays = [["a", "b", "b"], [np.nan, np.nan, 2]]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(1)
+    expected = Index([np.nan, np.nan, 2])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_level_values_na():
+    arrays = [[np.nan, np.nan, np.nan], ["a", np.nan, 1]]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(0)
+    expected = Index([np.nan, np.nan, np.nan])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = index.get_level_values(1)
+    expected = Index(["a", np.nan, 1])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    arrays = [["a", "b", "b"], pd.DatetimeIndex([0, 1, pd.NaT])]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(1)
+    expected = pd.DatetimeIndex([0, 1, pd.NaT])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    arrays = [[], []]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.get_level_values(0)
+    expected = Index([], dtype=object)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_level_values_when_periods():
+    # GH33131. See also discussion in GH32669.
+    # This test can probably be removed when PeriodIndex._engine is removed.
+    from pandas import (
+        Period,
+        PeriodIndex,
+    )
+
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [PeriodIndex([Period("2019Q1"), Period("2019Q2")], name="b")]
+    )
+    idx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [idx._get_level_values(level) for level in range(idx.nlevels)]
+    )
+    assert all(x.is_monotonic_increasing for x in idx2.levels)
+
+
+def test_values_loses_freq_of_underlying_index():
+    # GH#49054
+    idx = pd.DatetimeIndex(date_range("20200101", periods=3, freq="BME"))
+    expected = idx.copy(deep=True)
+    idx2 = Index([1, 2, 3])
+    midx = MultiIndex(levels=[idx, idx2], codes=[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]])
+    midx.values
+    assert idx.freq is not None
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_get_set.py

@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.compat import PY311
+
+from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import DatetimeTZDtype
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    CategoricalIndex,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def assert_matching(actual, expected, check_dtype=False):
+    # avoid specifying internal representation
+    # as much as possible
+    assert len(actual) == len(expected)
+    for act, exp in zip(actual, expected):
+        act = np.asarray(act)
+        exp = np.asarray(exp)
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(act, exp, check_dtype=check_dtype)
+
+
+def test_get_level_number_integer(idx):
+    idx.names = [1, 0]
+    assert idx._get_level_number(1) == 0
+    assert idx._get_level_number(0) == 1
+    msg = "Too many levels: Index has only 2 levels, not 3"
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
+        idx._get_level_number(2)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="Level fourth not found"):
+        idx._get_level_number("fourth")
+
+
+def test_get_dtypes(using_infer_string):
+    # Test MultiIndex.dtypes (# Gh37062)
+    idx_multitype = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [[1, 2, 3], ["a", "b", "c"], pd.date_range("20200101", periods=2, tz="UTC")],
+        names=["int", "string", "dt"],
+    )
+
+    exp = "object" if not using_infer_string else "string"
+    expected = pd.Series(
+        {
+            "int": np.dtype("int64"),
+            "string": exp,
+            "dt": DatetimeTZDtype(tz="utc"),
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_series_equal(expected, idx_multitype.dtypes)
+
+
+def test_get_dtypes_no_level_name(using_infer_string):
+    # Test MultiIndex.dtypes (# GH38580 )
+    idx_multitype = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [
+            [1, 2, 3],
+            ["a", "b", "c"],
+            pd.date_range("20200101", periods=2, tz="UTC"),
+        ],
+    )
+    exp = "object" if not using_infer_string else "string"
+    expected = pd.Series(
+        {
+            "level_0": np.dtype("int64"),
+            "level_1": exp,
+            "level_2": DatetimeTZDtype(tz="utc"),
+        }
+    )
+    tm.assert_series_equal(expected, idx_multitype.dtypes)
+
+
+def test_get_dtypes_duplicate_level_names(using_infer_string):
+    # Test MultiIndex.dtypes with non-unique level names (# GH45174)
+    result = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [
+            [1, 2, 3],
+            ["a", "b", "c"],
+            pd.date_range("20200101", periods=2, tz="UTC"),
+        ],
+        names=["A", "A", "A"],
+    ).dtypes
+    exp = "object" if not using_infer_string else "string"
+    expected = pd.Series(
+        [np.dtype("int64"), exp, DatetimeTZDtype(tz="utc")],
+        index=["A", "A", "A"],
+    )
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_level_number_out_of_bounds(multiindex_dataframe_random_data):
+    frame = multiindex_dataframe_random_data
+
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="Too many levels"):
+        frame.index._get_level_number(2)
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match="not a valid level number"):
+        frame.index._get_level_number(-3)
+
+
+def test_set_name_methods(idx):
+    # so long as these are synonyms, we don't need to test set_names
+    index_names = ["first", "second"]
+    assert idx.rename == idx.set_names
+    new_names = [name + "SUFFIX" for name in index_names]
+    ind = idx.set_names(new_names)
+    assert idx.names == index_names
+    assert ind.names == new_names
+    msg = "Length of names must match number of levels in MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        ind.set_names(new_names + new_names)
+    new_names2 = [name + "SUFFIX2" for name in new_names]
+    res = ind.set_names(new_names2, inplace=True)
+    assert res is None
+    assert ind.names == new_names2
+
+    # set names for specific level (# GH7792)
+    ind = idx.set_names(new_names[0], level=0)
+    assert idx.names == index_names
+    assert ind.names == [new_names[0], index_names[1]]
+
+    res = ind.set_names(new_names2[0], level=0, inplace=True)
+    assert res is None
+    assert ind.names == [new_names2[0], index_names[1]]
+
+    # set names for multiple levels
+    ind = idx.set_names(new_names, level=[0, 1])
+    assert idx.names == index_names
+    assert ind.names == new_names
+
+    res = ind.set_names(new_names2, level=[0, 1], inplace=True)
+    assert res is None
+    assert ind.names == new_names2
+
+
+def test_set_levels_codes_directly(idx):
+    # setting levels/codes directly raises AttributeError
+
+    levels = idx.levels
+    new_levels = [[lev + "a" for lev in level] for level in levels]
+
+    codes = idx.codes
+    major_codes, minor_codes = codes
+    major_codes = [(x + 1) % 3 for x in major_codes]
+    minor_codes = [(x + 1) % 1 for x in minor_codes]
+    new_codes = [major_codes, minor_codes]
+
+    msg = "Can't set attribute"
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
+        idx.levels = new_levels
+
+    msg = (
+        "property 'codes' of 'MultiIndex' object has no setter"
+        if PY311
+        else "can't set attribute"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
+        idx.codes = new_codes
+
+
+def test_set_levels(idx):
+    # side note - you probably wouldn't want to use levels and codes
+    # directly like this - but it is possible.
+    levels = idx.levels
+    new_levels = [[lev + "a" for lev in level] for level in levels]
+
+    # level changing [w/o mutation]
+    ind2 = idx.set_levels(new_levels)
+    assert_matching(ind2.levels, new_levels)
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, levels)
+
+    # level changing specific level [w/o mutation]
+    ind2 = idx.set_levels(new_levels[0], level=0)
+    assert_matching(ind2.levels, [new_levels[0], levels[1]])
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, levels)
+
+    ind2 = idx.set_levels(new_levels[1], level=1)
+    assert_matching(ind2.levels, [levels[0], new_levels[1]])
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, levels)
+
+    # level changing multiple levels [w/o mutation]
+    ind2 = idx.set_levels(new_levels, level=[0, 1])
+    assert_matching(ind2.levels, new_levels)
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, levels)
+
+    # illegal level changing should not change levels
+    # GH 13754
+    original_index = idx.copy()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^On"):
+        idx.set_levels(["c"], level=0)
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, original_index.levels, check_dtype=True)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^On"):
+        idx.set_codes([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], level=0)
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, original_index.codes, check_dtype=True)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="^Levels"):
+        idx.set_levels("c", level=0)
+    assert_matching(idx.levels, original_index.levels, check_dtype=True)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="^Codes"):
+        idx.set_codes(1, level=0)
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, original_index.codes, check_dtype=True)
+
+
+def test_set_codes(idx):
+    # side note - you probably wouldn't want to use levels and codes
+    # directly like this - but it is possible.
+    codes = idx.codes
+    major_codes, minor_codes = codes
+    major_codes = [(x + 1) % 3 for x in major_codes]
+    minor_codes = [(x + 1) % 1 for x in minor_codes]
+    new_codes = [major_codes, minor_codes]
+
+    # changing codes w/o mutation
+    ind2 = idx.set_codes(new_codes)
+    assert_matching(ind2.codes, new_codes)
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, codes)
+
+    # codes changing specific level w/o mutation
+    ind2 = idx.set_codes(new_codes[0], level=0)
+    assert_matching(ind2.codes, [new_codes[0], codes[1]])
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, codes)
+
+    ind2 = idx.set_codes(new_codes[1], level=1)
+    assert_matching(ind2.codes, [codes[0], new_codes[1]])
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, codes)
+
+    # codes changing multiple levels w/o mutation
+    ind2 = idx.set_codes(new_codes, level=[0, 1])
+    assert_matching(ind2.codes, new_codes)
+    assert_matching(idx.codes, codes)
+
+    # label changing for levels of different magnitude of categories
+    ind = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, i) for i in range(130)])
+    new_codes = range(129, -1, -1)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, i) for i in new_codes])
+
+    # [w/o mutation]
+    result = ind.set_codes(codes=new_codes, level=1)
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+
+
+def test_set_levels_codes_names_bad_input(idx):
+    levels, codes = idx.levels, idx.codes
+    names = idx.names
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Length of levels"):
+        idx.set_levels([levels[0]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Length of codes"):
+        idx.set_codes([codes[0]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Length of names"):
+        idx.set_names([names[0]])
+
+    # shouldn't scalar data error, instead should demand list-like
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list of lists-like"):
+        idx.set_levels(levels[0])
+
+    # shouldn't scalar data error, instead should demand list-like
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list of lists-like"):
+        idx.set_codes(codes[0])
+
+    # shouldn't scalar data error, instead should demand list-like
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list-like"):
+        idx.set_names(names[0])
+
+    # should have equal lengths
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list of lists-like"):
+        idx.set_levels(levels[0], level=[0, 1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list-like"):
+        idx.set_levels(levels, level=0)
+
+    # should have equal lengths
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list of lists-like"):
+        idx.set_codes(codes[0], level=[0, 1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="list-like"):
+        idx.set_codes(codes, level=0)
+
+    # should have equal lengths
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Length of names"):
+        idx.set_names(names[0], level=[0, 1])
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Names must be a"):
+        idx.set_names(names, level=0)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("inplace", [True, False])
+def test_set_names_with_nlevel_1(inplace):
+    # GH 21149
+    # Ensure that .set_names for MultiIndex with
+    # nlevels == 1 does not raise any errors
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=[[0, 1]], codes=[[0, 1]], names=["first"])
+    m = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1]])
+    result = m.set_names("first", level=0, inplace=inplace)
+
+    if inplace:
+        result = m
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ordered", [True, False])
+def test_set_levels_categorical(ordered):
+    # GH13854
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays([list("xyzx"), [0, 1, 2, 3]])
+
+    cidx = CategoricalIndex(list("bac"), ordered=ordered)
+    result = index.set_levels(cidx, level=0)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=[cidx, [0, 1, 2, 3]], codes=index.codes)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result_lvl = result.get_level_values(0)
+    expected_lvl = CategoricalIndex(
+        list("bacb"), categories=cidx.categories, ordered=cidx.ordered
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result_lvl, expected_lvl)
+
+
+def test_set_value_keeps_names():
+    # motivating example from #3742
+    lev1 = ["hans", "hans", "hans", "grethe", "grethe", "grethe"]
+    lev2 = ["1", "2", "3"] * 2
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([lev1, lev2], names=["Name", "Number"])
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        np.random.default_rng(2).standard_normal((6, 4)),
+        columns=["one", "two", "three", "four"],
+        index=idx,
+    )
+    df = df.sort_index()
+    assert df._is_copy is None
+    assert df.index.names == ("Name", "Number")
+    df.at[("grethe", "4"), "one"] = 99.34
+    assert df._is_copy is None
+    assert df.index.names == ("Name", "Number")
+
+
+def test_set_levels_with_iterable():
+    # GH23273
+    sizes = [1, 2, 3]
+    colors = ["black"] * 3
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays([sizes, colors], names=["size", "color"])
+
+    result = index.set_levels(map(int, ["3", "2", "1"]), level="size")
+
+    expected_sizes = [3, 2, 1]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([expected_sizes, colors], names=["size", "color"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_set_empty_level():
+    # GH#48636
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[]], names=["A"])
+    result = midx.set_levels(pd.DatetimeIndex([]), level=0)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([pd.DatetimeIndex([])], names=["A"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_set_levels_pos_args_removal():
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/41485
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (1, "one"),
+            (3, "one"),
+        ],
+        names=["foo", "bar"],
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="positional arguments"):
+        idx.set_levels(["a", "b", "c"], 0)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="positional arguments"):
+        idx.set_codes([[0, 1], [1, 0]], 0)
+
+
+def test_set_levels_categorical_keep_dtype():
+    # GH#52125
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[5, 6]])
+    result = midx.set_levels(levels=pd.Categorical([1, 2]), level=0)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([pd.Categorical([1, 2])])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_integrity.py

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+import re
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas._libs import index as libindex
+
+from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import construct_1d_object_array_from_listlike
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    IntervalIndex,
+    MultiIndex,
+    RangeIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_labels_dtypes():
+    # GH 8456
+    i = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("A", 1), ("A", 2)])
+    assert i.codes[0].dtype == "int8"
+    assert i.codes[1].dtype == "int8"
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], range(40)])
+    assert i.codes[1].dtype == "int8"
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], range(400)])
+    assert i.codes[1].dtype == "int16"
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], range(40000)])
+    assert i.codes[1].dtype == "int32"
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], range(1000)])
+    assert (i.codes[0] >= 0).all()
+    assert (i.codes[1] >= 0).all()
+
+
+def test_values_boxed():
+    tuples = [
+        (1, pd.Timestamp("2000-01-01")),
+        (2, pd.NaT),
+        (3, pd.Timestamp("2000-01-03")),
+        (1, pd.Timestamp("2000-01-04")),
+        (2, pd.Timestamp("2000-01-02")),
+        (3, pd.Timestamp("2000-01-03")),
+    ]
+    result = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
+    expected = construct_1d_object_array_from_listlike(tuples)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.values, expected)
+    # Check that code branches for boxed values produce identical results
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result.values[:4], result[:4].values)
+
+
+def test_values_multiindex_datetimeindex():
+    # Test to ensure we hit the boxing / nobox part of MI.values
+    ints = np.arange(10**18, 10**18 + 5)
+    naive = pd.DatetimeIndex(ints)
+
+    aware = pd.DatetimeIndex(ints, tz="US/Central")
+
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([naive, aware])
+    result = idx.values
+
+    outer = pd.DatetimeIndex([x[0] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(outer, naive)
+
+    inner = pd.DatetimeIndex([x[1] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(inner, aware)
+
+    # n_lev > n_lab
+    result = idx[:2].values
+
+    outer = pd.DatetimeIndex([x[0] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(outer, naive[:2])
+
+    inner = pd.DatetimeIndex([x[1] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(inner, aware[:2])
+
+
+def test_values_multiindex_periodindex():
+    # Test to ensure we hit the boxing / nobox part of MI.values
+    ints = np.arange(2007, 2012)
+    pidx = pd.PeriodIndex(ints, freq="D")
+
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([ints, pidx])
+    result = idx.values
+
+    outer = Index([x[0] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(outer, Index(ints, dtype=np.int64))
+
+    inner = pd.PeriodIndex([x[1] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(inner, pidx)
+
+    # n_lev > n_lab
+    result = idx[:2].values
+
+    outer = Index([x[0] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(outer, Index(ints[:2], dtype=np.int64))
+
+    inner = pd.PeriodIndex([x[1] for x in result])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(inner, pidx[:2])
+
+
+def test_consistency():
+    # need to construct an overflow
+    major_axis = list(range(70000))
+    minor_axis = list(range(10))
+
+    major_codes = np.arange(70000)
+    minor_codes = np.repeat(range(10), 7000)
+
+    # the fact that is works means it's consistent
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis], codes=[major_codes, minor_codes]
+    )
+
+    # inconsistent
+    major_codes = np.array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3])
+    minor_codes = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1])
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[major_axis, minor_axis], codes=[major_codes, minor_codes]
+    )
+
+    assert index.is_unique is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.slow
+def test_hash_collisions(monkeypatch):
+    # non-smoke test that we don't get hash collisions
+    size_cutoff = 50
+    with monkeypatch.context() as m:
+        m.setattr(libindex, "_SIZE_CUTOFF", size_cutoff)
+        index = MultiIndex.from_product(
+            [np.arange(8), np.arange(8)], names=["one", "two"]
+        )
+        result = index.get_indexer(index.values)
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, np.arange(len(index), dtype="intp"))
+
+        for i in [0, 1, len(index) - 2, len(index) - 1]:
+            result = index.get_loc(index[i])
+            assert result == i
+
+
+def test_dims():
+    pass
+
+
+def test_take_invalid_kwargs():
+    vals = [["A", "B"], [pd.Timestamp("2011-01-01"), pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")]]
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product(vals, names=["str", "dt"])
+    indices = [1, 2]
+
+    msg = r"take\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument 'foo'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, foo=2)
+
+    msg = "the 'out' parameter is not supported"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, out=indices)
+
+    msg = "the 'mode' parameter is not supported"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, mode="clip")
+
+
+def test_isna_behavior(idx):
+    # should not segfault GH5123
+    # NOTE: if MI representation changes, may make sense to allow
+    # isna(MI)
+    msg = "isna is not defined for MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        pd.isna(idx)
+
+
+def test_large_multiindex_error(monkeypatch):
+    # GH12527
+    size_cutoff = 50
+    with monkeypatch.context() as m:
+        m.setattr(libindex, "_SIZE_CUTOFF", size_cutoff)
+        df_below_cutoff = pd.DataFrame(
+            1,
+            index=MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], range(size_cutoff - 1)]),
+            columns=["dest"],
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\(-1, 0\)$"):
+            df_below_cutoff.loc[(-1, 0), "dest"]
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\(3, 0\)$"):
+            df_below_cutoff.loc[(3, 0), "dest"]
+        df_above_cutoff = pd.DataFrame(
+            1,
+            index=MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], range(size_cutoff + 1)]),
+            columns=["dest"],
+        )
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\(-1, 0\)$"):
+            df_above_cutoff.loc[(-1, 0), "dest"]
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"^\(3, 0\)$"):
+            df_above_cutoff.loc[(3, 0), "dest"]
+
+
+def test_mi_hashtable_populated_attribute_error(monkeypatch):
+    # GH 18165
+    monkeypatch.setattr(libindex, "_SIZE_CUTOFF", 50)
+    r = range(50)
+    df = pd.DataFrame({"a": r, "b": r}, index=MultiIndex.from_arrays([r, r]))
+
+    msg = "'Series' object has no attribute 'foo'"
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
+        df["a"].foo()
+
+
+def test_can_hold_identifiers(idx):
+    key = idx[0]
+    assert idx._can_hold_identifiers_and_holds_name(key) is True
+
+
+def test_metadata_immutable(idx):
+    levels, codes = idx.levels, idx.codes
+    # shouldn't be able to set at either the top level or base level
+    mutable_regex = re.compile("does not support mutable operations")
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=mutable_regex):
+        levels[0] = levels[0]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=mutable_regex):
+        levels[0][0] = levels[0][0]
+    # ditto for labels
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=mutable_regex):
+        codes[0] = codes[0]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="assignment destination is read-only"):
+        codes[0][0] = codes[0][0]
+    # and for names
+    names = idx.names
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=mutable_regex):
+        names[0] = names[0]
+
+
+def test_level_setting_resets_attributes():
+    ind = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["A", "A", "B", "B", "B"], [1, 2, 1, 2, 3]])
+    assert ind.is_monotonic_increasing
+    ind = ind.set_levels([["A", "B"], [1, 3, 2]])
+    # if this fails, probably didn't reset the cache correctly.
+    assert not ind.is_monotonic_increasing
+
+
+def test_rangeindex_fallback_coercion_bug():
+    # GH 12893
+    df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(100).reshape((10, 10)))
+    df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(100).reshape((10, 10)))
+    df = pd.concat(
+        {"df1": df1.stack(future_stack=True), "df2": df2.stack(future_stack=True)},
+        axis=1,
+    )
+    df.index.names = ["fizz", "buzz"]
+
+    expected = pd.DataFrame(
+        {"df2": np.arange(100), "df1": np.arange(100)},
+        index=MultiIndex.from_product([range(10), range(10)], names=["fizz", "buzz"]),
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(df, expected, check_like=True)
+
+    result = df.index.get_level_values("fizz")
+    expected = Index(np.arange(10, dtype=np.int64), name="fizz").repeat(10)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = df.index.get_level_values("buzz")
+    expected = Index(np.tile(np.arange(10, dtype=np.int64), 10), name="buzz")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_memory_usage(idx):
+    result = idx.memory_usage()
+    if len(idx):
+        idx.get_loc(idx[0])
+        result2 = idx.memory_usage()
+        result3 = idx.memory_usage(deep=True)
+
+        # RangeIndex, IntervalIndex
+        # don't have engines
+        if not isinstance(idx, (RangeIndex, IntervalIndex)):
+            assert result2 > result
+
+        if idx.inferred_type == "object":
+            assert result3 > result2
+
+    else:
+        # we report 0 for no-length
+        assert result == 0
+
+
+def test_nlevels(idx):
+    assert idx.nlevels == 2

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_isin.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_isin_nan():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["foo", "bar"], [1.0, np.nan]])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(idx.isin([("bar", np.nan)]), np.array([False, True]))
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(
+        idx.isin([("bar", float("nan"))]), np.array([False, True])
+    )
+
+
+def test_isin_missing(nulls_fixture):
+    # GH48905
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, nulls_fixture)])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 1), (1, 2)])
+    result = mi2.isin(mi1)
+    expected = np.array([False, False])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_isin():
+    values = [("foo", 2), ("bar", 3), ("quux", 4)]
+
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["qux", "baz", "foo", "bar"], np.arange(4)])
+    result = idx.isin(values)
+    expected = np.array([False, False, True, True])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # empty, return dtype bool
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[], []])
+    result = idx.isin(values)
+    assert len(result) == 0
+    assert result.dtype == np.bool_
+
+
+def test_isin_level_kwarg():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["qux", "baz", "foo", "bar"], np.arange(4)])
+
+    vals_0 = ["foo", "bar", "quux"]
+    vals_1 = [2, 3, 10]
+
+    expected = np.array([False, False, True, True])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_0, level=0))
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_0, level=-2))
+
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_1, level=1))
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_1, level=-1))
+
+    msg = "Too many levels: Index has only 2 levels, not 6"
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
+        idx.isin(vals_0, level=5)
+    msg = "Too many levels: Index has only 2 levels, -5 is not a valid level number"
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
+        idx.isin(vals_0, level=-5)
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"'Level 1\.0 not found'"):
+        idx.isin(vals_0, level=1.0)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match=r"'Level -1\.0 not found'"):
+        idx.isin(vals_1, level=-1.0)
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'Level A not found'"):
+        idx.isin(vals_1, level="A")
+
+    idx.names = ["A", "B"]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_0, level="A"))
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, idx.isin(vals_1, level="B"))
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'Level C not found'"):
+        idx.isin(vals_1, level="C")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "labels,expected,level",
+    [
+        ([("b", np.nan)], np.array([False, False, True]), None),
+        ([np.nan, "a"], np.array([True, True, False]), 0),
+        (["d", np.nan], np.array([False, True, True]), 1),
+    ],
+)
+def test_isin_multi_index_with_missing_value(labels, expected, level):
+    # GH 19132
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[np.nan, "a", "b"], ["c", "d", np.nan]])
+    result = midx.isin(labels, level=level)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_isin_empty():
+    # GH#51599
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    result = midx.isin([])
+    expected = np.array([False, False])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_isin_generator():
+    # GH#52568
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 2)])
+    result = midx.isin(x for x in [(1, 2)])
+    expected = np.array([True])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_join.py

@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import (
+    DataFrame,
+    Index,
+    Interval,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Series,
+    StringDtype,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "other", [Index(["three", "one", "two"]), Index(["one"]), Index(["one", "three"])]
+)
+def test_join_level(idx, other, join_type):
+    join_index, lidx, ridx = other.join(
+        idx, how=join_type, level="second", return_indexers=True
+    )
+
+    exp_level = other.join(idx.levels[1], how=join_type)
+    assert join_index.levels[0].equals(idx.levels[0])
+    assert join_index.levels[1].equals(exp_level)
+
+    # pare down levels
+    mask = np.array([x[1] in exp_level for x in idx], dtype=bool)
+    exp_values = idx.values[mask]
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(join_index.values, exp_values)
+
+    if join_type in ("outer", "inner"):
+        join_index2, ridx2, lidx2 = idx.join(
+            other, how=join_type, level="second", return_indexers=True
+        )
+
+        assert join_index.equals(join_index2)
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(lidx, lidx2)
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, ridx2)
+        tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(join_index2.values, exp_values)
+
+
+def test_join_level_corner_case(idx):
+    # some corner cases
+    index = Index(["three", "one", "two"])
+    result = index.join(idx, level="second")
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Join.*MultiIndex.*ambiguous"):
+        idx.join(idx, level=1)
+
+
+def test_join_self(idx, join_type):
+    result = idx.join(idx, how=join_type)
+    expected = idx
+    if join_type == "outer":
+        expected = expected.sort_values()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_multi():
+    # GH 10665
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_product([np.arange(4), np.arange(4)], names=["a", "b"])
+    idx = Index([1, 2, 5], name="b")
+
+    # inner
+    jidx, lidx, ridx = midx.join(idx, how="inner", return_indexers=True)
+    exp_idx = MultiIndex.from_product([np.arange(4), [1, 2]], names=["a", "b"])
+    exp_lidx = np.array([1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14], dtype=np.intp)
+    exp_ridx = np.array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1], dtype=np.intp)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(jidx, exp_idx)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(lidx, exp_lidx)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, exp_ridx)
+    # flip
+    jidx, ridx, lidx = idx.join(midx, how="inner", return_indexers=True)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(jidx, exp_idx)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(lidx, exp_lidx)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, exp_ridx)
+
+    # keep MultiIndex
+    jidx, lidx, ridx = midx.join(idx, how="left", return_indexers=True)
+    exp_ridx = np.array(
+        [-1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 0, 1, -1, -1, 0, 1, -1], dtype=np.intp
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(jidx, midx)
+    assert lidx is None
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, exp_ridx)
+    # flip
+    jidx, ridx, lidx = idx.join(midx, how="right", return_indexers=True)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(jidx, midx)
+    assert lidx is None
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, exp_ridx)
+
+
+def test_join_multi_wrong_order():
+    # GH 25760
+    # GH 28956
+
+    midx1 = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["b", "a"])
+
+    join_idx, lidx, ridx = midx1.join(midx2, return_indexers=True)
+
+    exp_ridx = np.array([-1, -1, -1, -1], dtype=np.intp)
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(midx1, join_idx)
+    assert lidx is None
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(ridx, exp_ridx)
+
+
+def test_join_multi_return_indexers():
+    # GH 34074
+
+    midx1 = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], names=["a", "b", "c"])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+
+    result = midx1.join(midx2, return_indexers=False)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, midx1)
+
+
+def test_join_overlapping_interval_level():
+    # GH 44096
+    idx_1 = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (1, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (1, Interval(1.0, 2.0)),
+            (1, Interval(2.0, 5.0)),
+            (2, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (2, Interval(1.0, 3.0)),  # interval limit is here at 3.0, not at 2.0
+            (2, Interval(3.0, 5.0)),
+        ],
+        names=["num", "interval"],
+    )
+
+    idx_2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (1, Interval(2.0, 5.0)),
+            (1, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (1, Interval(1.0, 2.0)),
+            (2, Interval(3.0, 5.0)),
+            (2, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (2, Interval(1.0, 3.0)),
+        ],
+        names=["num", "interval"],
+    )
+
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (1, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (1, Interval(1.0, 2.0)),
+            (1, Interval(2.0, 5.0)),
+            (2, Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (2, Interval(1.0, 3.0)),
+            (2, Interval(3.0, 5.0)),
+        ],
+        names=["num", "interval"],
+    )
+    result = idx_1.join(idx_2, how="outer")
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_midx_ea():
+    # GH#49277
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 1, 3], dtype="Int64"), Series([1, 2, 3], dtype="Int64")],
+        names=["a", "b"],
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1], dtype="Int64"), Series([3], dtype="Int64")], names=["a", "c"]
+    )
+    result = midx.join(midx2, how="inner")
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([1, 1], dtype="Int64"),
+            Series([1, 2], dtype="Int64"),
+            Series([3, 3], dtype="Int64"),
+        ],
+        names=["a", "b", "c"],
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_midx_string():
+    # GH#49277
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series(["a", "a", "c"], dtype=StringDtype()),
+            Series(["a", "b", "c"], dtype=StringDtype()),
+        ],
+        names=["a", "b"],
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series(["a"], dtype=StringDtype()), Series(["c"], dtype=StringDtype())],
+        names=["a", "c"],
+    )
+    result = midx.join(midx2, how="inner")
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series(["a", "a"], dtype=StringDtype()),
+            Series(["a", "b"], dtype=StringDtype()),
+            Series(["c", "c"], dtype=StringDtype()),
+        ],
+        names=["a", "b", "c"],
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_multi_with_nan():
+    # GH29252
+    df1 = DataFrame(
+        data={"col1": [1.1, 1.2]},
+        index=MultiIndex.from_product([["A"], [1.0, 2.0]], names=["id1", "id2"]),
+    )
+    df2 = DataFrame(
+        data={"col2": [2.1, 2.2]},
+        index=MultiIndex.from_product([["A"], [np.nan, 2.0]], names=["id1", "id2"]),
+    )
+    result = df1.join(df2)
+    expected = DataFrame(
+        data={"col1": [1.1, 1.2], "col2": [np.nan, 2.2]},
+        index=MultiIndex.from_product([["A"], [1.0, 2.0]], names=["id1", "id2"]),
+    )
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [0, 5])
+def test_join_dtypes(any_numeric_ea_dtype, val):
+    # GH#49830
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [3, 4]])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, val, val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [3, 4, 4]]
+    )
+    result = midx.join(midx2, how="outer")
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([val, val, 1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [4, 4, 3, 4]]
+    ).sort_values()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_dtypes_all_nan(any_numeric_ea_dtype):
+    # GH#49830
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [np.nan, np.nan]]
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 0, 0], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan]]
+    )
+    result = midx.join(midx2, how="outer")
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([0, 0, 1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+            [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, np.nan],
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_join_index_levels():
+    # GH#53093
+    midx = midx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("a", "2019-02-01"), ("a", "2019-02-01")])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("a", "2019-01-31")])
+    result = midx.join(midx2, how="outer")
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("a", "2019-01-31"), ("a", "2019-02-01"), ("a", "2019-02-01")]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result.levels[1], expected.levels[1])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_lexsort.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+
+
+class TestIsLexsorted:
+    def test_is_lexsorted(self):
+        levels = [[0, 1], [0, 1, 2]]
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]]
+        )
+        assert index._is_lexsorted()
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1]]
+        )
+        assert not index._is_lexsorted()
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1]]
+        )
+        assert not index._is_lexsorted()
+        assert index._lexsort_depth == 0
+
+
+class TestLexsortDepth:
+    def test_lexsort_depth(self):
+        # Test that lexsort_depth return the correct sortorder
+        # when it was given to the MultiIndex const.
+        # GH#28518
+
+        levels = [[0, 1], [0, 1, 2]]
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]], sortorder=2
+        )
+        assert index._lexsort_depth == 2
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 1]], sortorder=1
+        )
+        assert index._lexsort_depth == 1
+
+        index = MultiIndex(
+            levels=levels, codes=[[0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1]], sortorder=0
+        )
+        assert index._lexsort_depth == 0

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_missing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_fillna(idx):
+    # GH 11343
+    msg = "isna is not defined for MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        idx.fillna(idx[0])
+
+
+def test_dropna():
+    # GH 6194
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            [1, np.nan, 3, np.nan, 5],
+            [1, 2, np.nan, np.nan, 5],
+            ["a", "b", "c", np.nan, "e"],
+        ]
+    )
+
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 5], [1, 5], ["a", "e"]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(), exp)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(how="any"), exp)
+
+    exp = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [[1, np.nan, 3, 5], [1, 2, np.nan, 5], ["a", "b", "c", "e"]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(how="all"), exp)
+
+    msg = "invalid how option: xxx"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.dropna(how="xxx")
+
+    # GH26408
+    # test if missing values are dropped for multiindex constructed
+    # from codes and values
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[np.nan, None, pd.NaT, "128", 2], [np.nan, None, pd.NaT, "128", 2]],
+        codes=[[0, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, -1, 3, 3, 3, 4]],
+    )
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["128", 2], ["128", 2]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(), expected)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(how="any"), expected)
+
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [[np.nan, np.nan, "128", 2], ["128", "128", "128", 2]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.dropna(how="all"), expected)
+
+
+def test_nulls(idx):
+    # this is really a smoke test for the methods
+    # as these are adequately tested for function elsewhere
+
+    msg = "isna is not defined for MultiIndex"
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        idx.isna()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="isna is not defined for MultiIndex")
+def test_hasnans_isnans(idx):
+    # GH 11343, added tests for hasnans / isnans
+    index = idx.copy()
+
+    # cases in indices doesn't include NaN
+    expected = np.array([False] * len(index), dtype=bool)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index._isnan, expected)
+    assert index.hasnans is False
+
+    index = idx.copy()
+    values = index.values
+    values[1] = np.nan
+
+    index = type(idx)(values)
+
+    expected = np.array([False] * len(index), dtype=bool)
+    expected[1] = True
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(index._isnan, expected)
+    assert index.hasnans is True
+
+
+def test_nan_stays_float():
+    # GH 7031
+    idx0 = MultiIndex(levels=[["A", "B"], []], codes=[[1, 0], [-1, -1]], names=[0, 1])
+    idx1 = MultiIndex(levels=[["C"], ["D"]], codes=[[0], [0]], names=[0, 1])
+    idxm = idx0.join(idx1, how="outer")
+    assert pd.isna(idx0.get_level_values(1)).all()
+    # the following failed in 0.14.1
+    assert pd.isna(idxm.get_level_values(1)[:-1]).all()
+
+    df0 = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2]], index=idx0)
+    df1 = pd.DataFrame([[3, 4]], index=idx1)
+    dfm = df0 - df1
+    assert pd.isna(df0.index.get_level_values(1)).all()
+    # the following failed in 0.14.1
+    assert pd.isna(dfm.index.get_level_values(1)[:-1]).all()
+
+
+def test_tuples_have_na():
+    index = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[[1, 0], [0, 1, 2, 3]],
+        codes=[[1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]],
+    )
+
+    assert pd.isna(index[4][0])
+    assert pd.isna(index.values[4][0])

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_monotonic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+
+
+def test_is_monotonic_increasing_lexsorted(lexsorted_two_level_string_multiindex):
+    # string ordering
+    mi = lexsorted_two_level_string_multiindex
+    assert mi.is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(mi.values).is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert mi._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(mi.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+
+def test_is_monotonic_increasing():
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([np.arange(10), np.arange(10)], names=["one", "two"])
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [np.arange(10, 0, -1), np.arange(10)], names=["one", "two"]
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [np.arange(10), np.arange(10, 0, -1)], names=["one", "two"]
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([[1.0, np.nan, 2.0], ["a", "b", "c"]])
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["bar", "baz", "foo", "qux"], ["mom", "next", "zenith"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+
+    # mixed levels, hits the TypeError
+    i = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[
+            [1, 2, 3, 4],
+            [
+                "gb00b03mlx29",
+                "lu0197800237",
+                "nl0000289783",
+                "nl0000289965",
+                "nl0000301109",
+            ],
+        ],
+        codes=[[0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3], [4, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, -1]],
+        names=["household_id", "asset_id"],
+    )
+
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+    # empty
+    i = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[], []])
+    assert i.is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is True
+
+
+def test_is_monotonic_decreasing():
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [np.arange(9, -1, -1), np.arange(9, -1, -1)], names=["one", "two"]
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [np.arange(10), np.arange(10, 0, -1)], names=["one", "two"]
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product(
+        [np.arange(10, 0, -1), np.arange(10)], names=["one", "two"]
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex.from_product([[2.0, np.nan, 1.0], ["c", "b", "a"]])
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+    # string ordering
+    i = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["qux", "foo", "baz", "bar"], ["three", "two", "one"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+    i = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["qux", "foo", "baz", "bar"], ["zenith", "next", "mom"]],
+        codes=[[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3], [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+
+    # mixed levels, hits the TypeError
+    i = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[
+            [4, 3, 2, 1],
+            [
+                "nl0000301109",
+                "nl0000289965",
+                "nl0000289783",
+                "lu0197800237",
+                "gb00b03mlx29",
+            ],
+        ],
+        codes=[[0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3], [4, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, -1]],
+        names=["household_id", "asset_id"],
+    )
+
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is False
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+    # empty
+    i = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[], []])
+    assert i.is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values).is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert i._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert Index(i.values)._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is True
+
+
+def test_is_strictly_monotonic_increasing():
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["bar", "baz"], ["mom", "next"]], codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1]]
+    )
+    assert idx.is_monotonic_increasing is True
+    assert idx._is_strictly_monotonic_increasing is False
+
+
+def test_is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing():
+    idx = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["baz", "bar"], ["next", "mom"]], codes=[[0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1]]
+    )
+    assert idx.is_monotonic_decreasing is True
+    assert idx._is_strictly_monotonic_decreasing is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("attr", ["is_monotonic_increasing", "is_monotonic_decreasing"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "values",
+    [[(np.nan,), (1,), (2,)], [(1,), (np.nan,), (2,)], [(1,), (2,), (np.nan,)]],
+)
+def test_is_monotonic_with_nans(values, attr):
+    # GH: 37220
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(values, names=["test"])
+    assert getattr(idx, attr) is False

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_names.py

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def check_level_names(index, names):
+    assert [level.name for level in index.levels] == list(names)
+
+
+def test_slice_keep_name():
+    x = MultiIndex.from_tuples([("a", "b"), (1, 2), ("c", "d")], names=["x", "y"])
+    assert x[1:].names == x.names
+
+
+def test_index_name_retained():
+    # GH9857
+    result = pd.DataFrame({"x": [1, 2, 6], "y": [2, 2, 8], "z": [-5, 0, 5]})
+    result = result.set_index("z")
+    result.loc[10] = [9, 10]
+    df_expected = pd.DataFrame(
+        {"x": [1, 2, 6, 9], "y": [2, 2, 8, 10], "z": [-5, 0, 5, 10]}
+    )
+    df_expected = df_expected.set_index("z")
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, df_expected)
+
+
+def test_changing_names(idx):
+    assert [level.name for level in idx.levels] == ["first", "second"]
+
+    view = idx.view()
+    copy = idx.copy()
+    shallow_copy = idx._view()
+
+    # changing names should not change level names on object
+    new_names = [name + "a" for name in idx.names]
+    idx.names = new_names
+    check_level_names(idx, ["firsta", "seconda"])
+
+    # and not on copies
+    check_level_names(view, ["first", "second"])
+    check_level_names(copy, ["first", "second"])
+    check_level_names(shallow_copy, ["first", "second"])
+
+    # and copies shouldn't change original
+    shallow_copy.names = [name + "c" for name in shallow_copy.names]
+    check_level_names(idx, ["firsta", "seconda"])
+
+
+def test_take_preserve_name(idx):
+    taken = idx.take([3, 0, 1])
+    assert taken.names == idx.names
+
+
+def test_copy_names():
+    # Check that adding a "names" parameter to the copy is honored
+    # GH14302
+    multi_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 2), (3, 4)], names=["MyName1", "MyName2"])
+    multi_idx1 = multi_idx.copy()
+
+    assert multi_idx.equals(multi_idx1)
+    assert multi_idx.names == ["MyName1", "MyName2"]
+    assert multi_idx1.names == ["MyName1", "MyName2"]
+
+    multi_idx2 = multi_idx.copy(names=["NewName1", "NewName2"])
+
+    assert multi_idx.equals(multi_idx2)
+    assert multi_idx.names == ["MyName1", "MyName2"]
+    assert multi_idx2.names == ["NewName1", "NewName2"]
+
+    multi_idx3 = multi_idx.copy(name=["NewName1", "NewName2"])
+
+    assert multi_idx.equals(multi_idx3)
+    assert multi_idx.names == ["MyName1", "MyName2"]
+    assert multi_idx3.names == ["NewName1", "NewName2"]
+
+    # gh-35592
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Length of new names must be 2, got 1"):
+        multi_idx.copy(names=["mario"])
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="MultiIndex.name must be a hashable type"):
+        multi_idx.copy(names=[["mario"], ["luigi"]])
+
+
+def test_names(idx):
+    # names are assigned in setup
+    assert idx.names == ["first", "second"]
+    level_names = [level.name for level in idx.levels]
+    assert level_names == idx.names
+
+    # setting bad names on existing
+    index = idx
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^Length of names"):
+        setattr(index, "names", list(index.names) + ["third"])
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^Length of names"):
+        setattr(index, "names", [])
+
+    # initializing with bad names (should always be equivalent)
+    major_axis, minor_axis = idx.levels
+    major_codes, minor_codes = idx.codes
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^Length of names"):
+        MultiIndex(
+            levels=[major_axis, minor_axis],
+            codes=[major_codes, minor_codes],
+            names=["first"],
+        )
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="^Length of names"):
+        MultiIndex(
+            levels=[major_axis, minor_axis],
+            codes=[major_codes, minor_codes],
+            names=["first", "second", "third"],
+        )
+
+    # names are assigned on index, but not transferred to the levels
+    index.names = ["a", "b"]
+    level_names = [level.name for level in index.levels]
+    assert level_names == ["a", "b"]
+
+
+def test_duplicate_level_names_access_raises(idx):
+    # GH19029
+    idx.names = ["foo", "foo"]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="name foo occurs multiple times"):
+        idx._get_level_number("foo")
+
+
+def test_get_names_from_levels():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], [1, 2]], names=["a", "b"])
+
+    assert idx.levels[0].name == "a"
+    assert idx.levels[1].name == "b"
+
+
+def test_setting_names_from_levels_raises():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([["a"], [1, 2]], names=["a", "b"])
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="set_names"):
+        idx.levels[0].name = "foo"
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="set_names"):
+        idx.levels[1].name = "foo"
+
+    new = pd.Series(1, index=idx.levels[0])
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="set_names"):
+        new.index.name = "bar"
+
+    assert pd.Index._no_setting_name is False
+    assert pd.RangeIndex._no_setting_name is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ["rename", "set_names"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "rename_dict, exp_names",
+    [
+        ({"x": "z"}, ["z", "y", "z"]),
+        ({"x": "z", "y": "x"}, ["z", "x", "z"]),
+        ({"y": "z"}, ["x", "z", "x"]),
+        ({}, ["x", "y", "x"]),
+        ({"z": "a"}, ["x", "y", "x"]),
+        ({"y": "z", "a": "b"}, ["x", "z", "x"]),
+    ],
+)
+def test_name_mi_with_dict_like_duplicate_names(func, rename_dict, exp_names):
+    # GH#20421
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], names=["x", "y", "x"])
+    result = getattr(mi, func)(rename_dict)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]], names=exp_names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("func", ["rename", "set_names"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "rename_dict, exp_names",
+    [
+        ({"x": "z"}, ["z", "y"]),
+        ({"x": "z", "y": "x"}, ["z", "x"]),
+        ({"a": "z"}, ["x", "y"]),
+        ({}, ["x", "y"]),
+    ],
+)
+def test_name_mi_with_dict_like(func, rename_dict, exp_names):
+    # GH#20421
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["x", "y"])
+    result = getattr(mi, func)(rename_dict)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=exp_names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_index_name_with_dict_like_raising():
+    # GH#20421
+    ix = pd.Index([1, 2])
+    msg = "Can only pass dict-like as `names` for MultiIndex."
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        ix.set_names({"x": "z"})
+
+
+def test_multiindex_name_and_level_raising():
+    # GH#20421
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["x", "y"])
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Can not pass level for dictlike `names`."):
+        mi.set_names(names={"x": "z"}, level={"x": "z"})

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_partial_indexing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import (
+    DataFrame,
+    IndexSlice,
+    MultiIndex,
+    date_range,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def df():
+    #                        c1
+    # 2016-01-01 00:00:00 a   0
+    #                     b   1
+    #                     c   2
+    # 2016-01-01 12:00:00 a   3
+    #                     b   4
+    #                     c   5
+    # 2016-01-02 00:00:00 a   6
+    #                     b   7
+    #                     c   8
+    # 2016-01-02 12:00:00 a   9
+    #                     b  10
+    #                     c  11
+    # 2016-01-03 00:00:00 a  12
+    #                     b  13
+    #                     c  14
+    dr = date_range("2016-01-01", "2016-01-03", freq="12h")
+    abc = ["a", "b", "c"]
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([dr, abc])
+    frame = DataFrame({"c1": range(15)}, index=mi)
+    return frame
+
+
+def test_partial_string_matching_single_index(df):
+    # partial string matching on a single index
+    for df_swap in [df.swaplevel(), df.swaplevel(0), df.swaplevel(0, 1)]:
+        df_swap = df_swap.sort_index()
+        just_a = df_swap.loc["a"]
+        result = just_a.loc["2016-01-01"]
+        expected = df.loc[IndexSlice[:, "a"], :].iloc[0:2]
+        expected.index = expected.index.droplevel(1)
+        tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_get_loc_partial_timestamp_multiindex(df):
+    mi = df.index
+    key = ("2016-01-01", "a")
+    loc = mi.get_loc(key)
+
+    expected = np.zeros(len(mi), dtype=bool)
+    expected[[0, 3]] = True
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(loc, expected)
+
+    key2 = ("2016-01-02", "a")
+    loc2 = mi.get_loc(key2)
+    expected2 = np.zeros(len(mi), dtype=bool)
+    expected2[[6, 9]] = True
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(loc2, expected2)
+
+    key3 = ("2016-01", "a")
+    loc3 = mi.get_loc(key3)
+    expected3 = np.zeros(len(mi), dtype=bool)
+    expected3[mi.get_level_values(1).get_loc("a")] = True
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(loc3, expected3)
+
+    key4 = ("2016", "a")
+    loc4 = mi.get_loc(key4)
+    expected4 = expected3
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(loc4, expected4)
+
+    # non-monotonic
+    taker = np.arange(len(mi), dtype=np.intp)
+    taker[::2] = taker[::-2]
+    mi2 = mi.take(taker)
+    loc5 = mi2.get_loc(key)
+    expected5 = np.zeros(len(mi2), dtype=bool)
+    expected5[[3, 14]] = True
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(loc5, expected5)
+
+
+def test_partial_string_timestamp_multiindex(df):
+    # GH10331
+    df_swap = df.swaplevel(0, 1).sort_index()
+    SLC = IndexSlice
+
+    # indexing with IndexSlice
+    result = df.loc[SLC["2016-01-01":"2016-02-01", :], :]
+    expected = df
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # match on secondary index
+    result = df_swap.loc[SLC[:, "2016-01-01":"2016-01-01"], :]
+    expected = df_swap.iloc[[0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 11]]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # partial string match on year only
+    result = df.loc["2016"]
+    expected = df
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # partial string match on date
+    result = df.loc["2016-01-01"]
+    expected = df.iloc[0:6]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # partial string match on date and hour, from middle
+    result = df.loc["2016-01-02 12"]
+    # hourly resolution, same as index.levels[0], so we are _not_ slicing on
+    #  that level, so that level gets dropped
+    expected = df.iloc[9:12].droplevel(0)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # partial string match on secondary index
+    result = df_swap.loc[SLC[:, "2016-01-02"], :]
+    expected = df_swap.iloc[[2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 13]]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # tuple selector with partial string match on date
+    # "2016-01-01" has daily resolution, so _is_ a slice on the first level.
+    result = df.loc[("2016-01-01", "a"), :]
+    expected = df.iloc[[0, 3]]
+    expected = df.iloc[[0, 3]].droplevel(1)
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # Slicing date on first level should break (of course) bc the DTI is the
+    #  second level on df_swap
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'2016-01-01'"):
+        df_swap.loc["2016-01-01"]
+
+
+def test_partial_string_timestamp_multiindex_str_key_raises(df):
+    # Even though this syntax works on a single index, this is somewhat
+    # ambiguous and we don't want to extend this behavior forward to work
+    # in multi-indexes. This would amount to selecting a scalar from a
+    # column.
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'2016-01-01'"):
+        df["2016-01-01"]
+
+
+def test_partial_string_timestamp_multiindex_daily_resolution(df):
+    # GH12685 (partial string with daily resolution or below)
+    result = df.loc[IndexSlice["2013-03":"2013-03", :], :]
+    expected = df.iloc[118:180]
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_pickle.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import pytest
+
+from pandas import MultiIndex
+
+
+def test_pickle_compat_construction():
+    # this is testing for pickle compat
+    # need an object to create with
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Must pass both levels and codes"):
+        MultiIndex()

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_reindex.py

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_reindex(idx):
+    result, indexer = idx.reindex(list(idx[:4]))
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+    assert result.names == ["first", "second"]
+    assert [level.name for level in result.levels] == ["first", "second"]
+
+    result, indexer = idx.reindex(list(idx))
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+    assert indexer is None
+    assert result.names == ["first", "second"]
+    assert [level.name for level in result.levels] == ["first", "second"]
+
+
+def test_reindex_level(idx):
+    index = Index(["one"])
+
+    target, indexer = idx.reindex(index, level="second")
+    target2, indexer2 = index.reindex(idx, level="second")
+
+    exp_index = idx.join(index, level="second", how="right")
+    exp_index2 = idx.join(index, level="second", how="left")
+
+    assert target.equals(exp_index)
+    exp_indexer = np.array([0, 2, 4])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(indexer, exp_indexer, check_dtype=False)
+
+    assert target2.equals(exp_index2)
+    exp_indexer2 = np.array([0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1])
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(indexer2, exp_indexer2, check_dtype=False)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Fill method not supported"):
+        idx.reindex(idx, method="pad", level="second")
+
+
+def test_reindex_preserves_names_when_target_is_list_or_ndarray(idx):
+    # GH6552
+    idx = idx.copy()
+    target = idx.copy()
+    idx.names = target.names = [None, None]
+
+    other_dtype = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+
+    # list & ndarray cases
+    assert idx.reindex([])[0].names == [None, None]
+    assert idx.reindex(np.array([]))[0].names == [None, None]
+    assert idx.reindex(target.tolist())[0].names == [None, None]
+    assert idx.reindex(target.values)[0].names == [None, None]
+    assert idx.reindex(other_dtype.tolist())[0].names == [None, None]
+    assert idx.reindex(other_dtype.values)[0].names == [None, None]
+
+    idx.names = ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex([])[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex(np.array([]))[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex(target.tolist())[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex(target.values)[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex(other_dtype.tolist())[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex(other_dtype.values)[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+
+
+def test_reindex_lvl_preserves_names_when_target_is_list_or_array():
+    # GH7774
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1], ["a", "b"]], names=["foo", "bar"])
+    assert idx.reindex([], level=0)[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+    assert idx.reindex([], level=1)[0].names == ["foo", "bar"]
+
+
+def test_reindex_lvl_preserves_type_if_target_is_empty_list_or_array(
+    using_infer_string,
+):
+    # GH7774
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1], ["a", "b"]])
+    assert idx.reindex([], level=0)[0].levels[0].dtype.type == np.int64
+    exp = np.object_ if not using_infer_string else str
+    assert idx.reindex([], level=1)[0].levels[1].dtype.type == exp
+
+    # case with EA levels
+    cat = pd.Categorical(["foo", "bar"])
+    dti = pd.date_range("2016-01-01", periods=2, tz="US/Pacific")
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([cat, dti])
+    assert mi.reindex([], level=0)[0].levels[0].dtype == cat.dtype
+    assert mi.reindex([], level=1)[0].levels[1].dtype == dti.dtype
+
+
+def test_reindex_base(idx):
+    expected = np.arange(idx.size, dtype=np.intp)
+
+    actual = idx.get_indexer(idx)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(expected, actual)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid fill method"):
+        idx.get_indexer(idx, method="invalid")
+
+
+def test_reindex_non_unique():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
+    a = pd.Series(np.arange(4), index=idx)
+    new_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
+
+    msg = "cannot handle a non-unique multi-index!"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        a.reindex(new_idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("values", [[["a"], ["x"]], [[], []]])
+def test_reindex_empty_with_level(values):
+    # GH41170
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(values)
+    result, result_indexer = idx.reindex(np.array(["b"]), level=0)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=[["b"], values[1]], codes=[[], []])
+    expected_indexer = np.array([], dtype=result_indexer.dtype)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result_indexer, expected_indexer)
+
+
+def test_reindex_not_all_tuples():
+    keys = [("i", "i"), ("i", "j"), ("j", "i"), "j"]
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(keys[:-1])
+    idx = Index(keys)
+    res, indexer = mi.reindex(idx)
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res, idx)
+    expected = np.array([0, 1, 2, -1], dtype=np.intp)
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(indexer, expected)
+
+
+def test_reindex_limit_arg_with_multiindex():
+    # GH21247
+
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(3, "A"), (4, "A"), (4, "B")])
+
+    df = pd.Series([0.02, 0.01, 0.012], index=idx)
+
+    new_idx = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (3, "A"),
+            (3, "B"),
+            (4, "A"),
+            (4, "B"),
+            (4, "C"),
+            (5, "B"),
+            (5, "C"),
+            (6, "B"),
+            (6, "C"),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+        ValueError,
+        match="limit argument only valid if doing pad, backfill or nearest reindexing",
+    ):
+        df.reindex(new_idx, fill_value=0, limit=1)
+
+
+def test_reindex_with_none_in_nested_multiindex():
+    # GH42883
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(("a", None), 1), (("b", None), 2)])
+    index2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(("b", None), 2), (("a", None), 1)])
+    df1_dtype = pd.DataFrame([1, 2], index=index)
+    df2_dtype = pd.DataFrame([2, 1], index=index2)
+
+    result = df1_dtype.reindex_like(df2_dtype)
+    expected = df2_dtype
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_reshape.py

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+import pytz
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_insert(idx):
+    # key contained in all levels
+    new_index = idx.insert(0, ("bar", "two"))
+    assert new_index.equal_levels(idx)
+    assert new_index[0] == ("bar", "two")
+
+    # key not contained in all levels
+    new_index = idx.insert(0, ("abc", "three"))
+
+    exp0 = Index(list(idx.levels[0]) + ["abc"], name="first")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(new_index.levels[0], exp0)
+    assert new_index.names == ["first", "second"]
+
+    exp1 = Index(list(idx.levels[1]) + ["three"], name="second")
+    tm.assert_index_equal(new_index.levels[1], exp1)
+    assert new_index[0] == ("abc", "three")
+
+    # key wrong length
+    msg = "Item must have length equal to number of levels"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.insert(0, ("foo2",))
+
+    left = pd.DataFrame([["a", "b", 0], ["b", "d", 1]], columns=["1st", "2nd", "3rd"])
+    left.set_index(["1st", "2nd"], inplace=True)
+    ts = left["3rd"].copy(deep=True)
+
+    left.loc[("b", "x"), "3rd"] = 2
+    left.loc[("b", "a"), "3rd"] = -1
+    left.loc[("b", "b"), "3rd"] = 3
+    left.loc[("a", "x"), "3rd"] = 4
+    left.loc[("a", "w"), "3rd"] = 5
+    left.loc[("a", "a"), "3rd"] = 6
+
+    ts.loc[("b", "x")] = 2
+    ts.loc["b", "a"] = -1
+    ts.loc[("b", "b")] = 3
+    ts.loc["a", "x"] = 4
+    ts.loc[("a", "w")] = 5
+    ts.loc["a", "a"] = 6
+
+    right = pd.DataFrame(
+        [
+            ["a", "b", 0],
+            ["b", "d", 1],
+            ["b", "x", 2],
+            ["b", "a", -1],
+            ["b", "b", 3],
+            ["a", "x", 4],
+            ["a", "w", 5],
+            ["a", "a", 6],
+        ],
+        columns=["1st", "2nd", "3rd"],
+    )
+    right.set_index(["1st", "2nd"], inplace=True)
+    # FIXME data types changes to float because
+    # of intermediate nan insertion;
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(left, right, check_dtype=False)
+    tm.assert_series_equal(ts, right["3rd"])
+
+
+def test_insert2():
+    # GH9250
+    idx = (
+        [("test1", i) for i in range(5)]
+        + [("test2", i) for i in range(6)]
+        + [("test", 17), ("test", 18)]
+    )
+
+    left = pd.Series(np.linspace(0, 10, 11), MultiIndex.from_tuples(idx[:-2]))
+
+    left.loc[("test", 17)] = 11
+    left.loc[("test", 18)] = 12
+
+    right = pd.Series(np.linspace(0, 12, 13), MultiIndex.from_tuples(idx))
+
+    tm.assert_series_equal(left, right)
+
+
+def test_append(idx):
+    result = idx[:3].append(idx[3:])
+    assert result.equals(idx)
+
+    foos = [idx[:1], idx[1:3], idx[3:]]
+    result = foos[0].append(foos[1:])
+    assert result.equals(idx)
+
+    # empty
+    result = idx.append([])
+    assert result.equals(idx)
+
+
+def test_append_index():
+    idx1 = Index([1.1, 1.2, 1.3])
+    idx2 = pd.date_range("2011-01-01", freq="D", periods=3, tz="Asia/Tokyo")
+    idx3 = Index(["A", "B", "C"])
+
+    midx_lv2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2])
+    midx_lv3 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1, idx2, idx3])
+
+    result = idx1.append(midx_lv2)
+
+    # see gh-7112
+    tz = pytz.timezone("Asia/Tokyo")
+    expected_tuples = [
+        (1.1, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 1))),
+        (1.2, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 2))),
+        (1.3, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 3))),
+    ]
+    expected = Index([1.1, 1.2, 1.3] + expected_tuples)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = midx_lv2.append(idx1)
+    expected = Index(expected_tuples + [1.1, 1.2, 1.3])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = midx_lv2.append(midx_lv2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([idx1.append(idx1), idx2.append(idx2)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = midx_lv2.append(midx_lv3)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = midx_lv3.append(midx_lv2)
+    expected = Index._simple_new(
+        np.array(
+            [
+                (1.1, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 1)), "A"),
+                (1.2, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 2)), "B"),
+                (1.3, tz.localize(datetime(2011, 1, 3)), "C"),
+            ]
+            + expected_tuples,
+            dtype=object,
+        ),
+        None,
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("name, exp", [("b", "b"), ("c", None)])
+def test_append_names_match(name, exp):
+    # GH#48288
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[3], [5]], names=["a", name])
+    result = midx.append(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]], names=["a", exp])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_append_names_dont_match():
+    # GH#48288
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[3], [5]], names=["x", "y"])
+    result = midx.append(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]], names=None)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_append_overlapping_interval_levels():
+    # GH 54934
+    ivl1 = pd.IntervalIndex.from_breaks([0.0, 1.0, 2.0])
+    ivl2 = pd.IntervalIndex.from_breaks([0.5, 1.5, 2.5])
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_product([ivl1, ivl1])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_product([ivl2, ivl2])
+    result = mi1.append(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [
+            (pd.Interval(0.0, 1.0), pd.Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (pd.Interval(0.0, 1.0), pd.Interval(1.0, 2.0)),
+            (pd.Interval(1.0, 2.0), pd.Interval(0.0, 1.0)),
+            (pd.Interval(1.0, 2.0), pd.Interval(1.0, 2.0)),
+            (pd.Interval(0.5, 1.5), pd.Interval(0.5, 1.5)),
+            (pd.Interval(0.5, 1.5), pd.Interval(1.5, 2.5)),
+            (pd.Interval(1.5, 2.5), pd.Interval(0.5, 1.5)),
+            (pd.Interval(1.5, 2.5), pd.Interval(1.5, 2.5)),
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_repeat():
+    reps = 2
+    numbers = [1, 2, 3]
+    names = np.array(["foo", "bar"])
+
+    m = MultiIndex.from_product([numbers, names], names=names)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([numbers, names.repeat(reps)], names=names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(m.repeat(reps), expected)
+
+
+def test_insert_base(idx):
+    result = idx[1:4]
+
+    # test 0th element
+    assert idx[0:4].equals(result.insert(0, idx[0]))
+
+
+def test_delete_base(idx):
+    expected = idx[1:]
+    result = idx.delete(0)
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.name == expected.name
+
+    expected = idx[:-1]
+    result = idx.delete(-1)
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.name == expected.name
+
+    msg = "index 6 is out of bounds for axis 0 with size 6"
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
+        idx.delete(len(idx))

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_setops.py

@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+from pandas import (
+    CategoricalIndex,
+    DataFrame,
+    Index,
+    IntervalIndex,
+    MultiIndex,
+    Series,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+from pandas.api.types import (
+    is_float_dtype,
+    is_unsigned_integer_dtype,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("case", [0.5, "xxx"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "method", ["intersection", "union", "difference", "symmetric_difference"]
+)
+def test_set_ops_error_cases(idx, case, sort, method):
+    # non-iterable input
+    msg = "Input must be Index or array-like"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        getattr(idx, method)(case, sort=sort)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("klass", [MultiIndex, np.array, Series, list])
+def test_intersection_base(idx, sort, klass):
+    first = idx[2::-1]  # first 3 elements reversed
+    second = idx[:5]
+
+    if klass is not MultiIndex:
+        second = klass(second.values)
+
+    intersect = first.intersection(second, sort=sort)
+    if sort is None:
+        expected = first.sort_values()
+    else:
+        expected = first
+    tm.assert_index_equal(intersect, expected)
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first.intersection([1, 2, 3], sort=sort)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.arm_slow
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("klass", [MultiIndex, np.array, Series, list])
+def test_union_base(idx, sort, klass):
+    first = idx[::-1]
+    second = idx[:5]
+
+    if klass is not MultiIndex:
+        second = klass(second.values)
+
+    union = first.union(second, sort=sort)
+    if sort is None:
+        expected = first.sort_values()
+    else:
+        expected = first
+    tm.assert_index_equal(union, expected)
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first.union([1, 2, 3], sort=sort)
+
+
+def test_difference_base(idx, sort):
+    second = idx[4:]
+    answer = idx[:4]
+    result = idx.difference(second, sort=sort)
+
+    if sort is None:
+        answer = answer.sort_values()
+
+    assert result.equals(answer)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, answer)
+
+    # GH 10149
+    cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
+    for case in cases:
+        result = idx.difference(case, sort=sort)
+        tm.assert_index_equal(result, answer)
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx.difference([1, 2, 3], sort=sort)
+
+
+def test_symmetric_difference(idx, sort):
+    first = idx[1:]
+    second = idx[:-1]
+    answer = idx[[-1, 0]]
+    result = first.symmetric_difference(second, sort=sort)
+
+    if sort is None:
+        answer = answer.sort_values()
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, answer)
+
+    # GH 10149
+    cases = [klass(second.values) for klass in [np.array, Series, list]]
+    for case in cases:
+        result = first.symmetric_difference(case, sort=sort)
+        tm.assert_index_equal(result, answer)
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first.symmetric_difference([1, 2, 3], sort=sort)
+
+
+def test_multiindex_symmetric_difference():
+    # GH 13490
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([["a", "b"], ["A", "B"]], names=["a", "b"])
+    result = idx.symmetric_difference(idx)
+    assert result.names == idx.names
+
+    idx2 = idx.copy().rename(["A", "B"])
+    result = idx.symmetric_difference(idx2)
+    assert result.names == [None, None]
+
+
+def test_empty(idx):
+    # GH 15270
+    assert not idx.empty
+    assert idx[:0].empty
+
+
+def test_difference(idx, sort):
+    first = idx
+    result = first.difference(idx[-3:], sort=sort)
+    vals = idx[:-3].values
+
+    if sort is None:
+        vals = sorted(vals)
+
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(vals, sortorder=0, names=idx.names)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, MultiIndex)
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.names == idx.names
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # empty difference: reflexive
+    result = idx.difference(idx, sort=sort)
+    expected = idx[:0]
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.names == idx.names
+
+    # empty difference: superset
+    result = idx[-3:].difference(idx, sort=sort)
+    expected = idx[:0]
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.names == idx.names
+
+    # empty difference: degenerate
+    result = idx[:0].difference(idx, sort=sort)
+    expected = idx[:0]
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+    assert result.names == idx.names
+
+    # names not the same
+    chunklet = idx[-3:]
+    chunklet.names = ["foo", "baz"]
+    result = first.difference(chunklet, sort=sort)
+    assert result.names == (None, None)
+
+    # empty, but non-equal
+    result = idx.difference(idx.sortlevel(1)[0], sort=sort)
+    assert len(result) == 0
+
+    # raise Exception called with non-MultiIndex
+    result = first.difference(first.values, sort=sort)
+    assert result.equals(first[:0])
+
+    # name from empty array
+    result = first.difference([], sort=sort)
+    assert first.equals(result)
+    assert first.names == result.names
+
+    # name from non-empty array
+    result = first.difference([("foo", "one")], sort=sort)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("bar", "one"), ("baz", "two"), ("foo", "two"), ("qux", "one"), ("qux", "two")]
+    )
+    expected.names = first.names
+    assert first.names == result.names
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        first.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], sort=sort)
+
+
+def test_difference_sort_special():
+    # GH-24959
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+    # sort=None, the default
+    result = idx.difference([])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+
+def test_difference_sort_special_true():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+    result = idx.difference([], sort=True)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1], ["a", "b"]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_difference_sort_incomparable():
+    # GH-24959
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, pd.Timestamp("2000"), 2], ["a", "b"]])
+
+    other = MultiIndex.from_product([[3, pd.Timestamp("2000"), 4], ["c", "d"]])
+    # sort=None, the default
+    msg = "sort order is undefined for incomparable objects"
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(RuntimeWarning, match=msg):
+        result = idx.difference(other)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+    # sort=False
+    result = idx.difference(other, sort=False)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+
+def test_difference_sort_incomparable_true():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, pd.Timestamp("2000"), 2], ["a", "b"]])
+    other = MultiIndex.from_product([[3, pd.Timestamp("2000"), 4], ["c", "d"]])
+
+    # TODO: this is raising in constructing a Categorical when calling
+    #  algos.safe_sort. Should we catch and re-raise with a better message?
+    msg = "'values' is not ordered, please explicitly specify the categories order "
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx.difference(other, sort=True)
+
+
+def test_union(idx, sort):
+    piece1 = idx[:5][::-1]
+    piece2 = idx[3:]
+
+    the_union = piece1.union(piece2, sort=sort)
+
+    if sort in (None, False):
+        tm.assert_index_equal(the_union.sort_values(), idx.sort_values())
+    else:
+        tm.assert_index_equal(the_union, idx)
+
+    # corner case, pass self or empty thing:
+    the_union = idx.union(idx, sort=sort)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(the_union, idx)
+
+    the_union = idx.union(idx[:0], sort=sort)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(the_union, idx)
+
+    tuples = idx.values
+    result = idx[:4].union(tuples[4:], sort=sort)
+    if sort is None:
+        tm.assert_index_equal(result.sort_values(), idx.sort_values())
+    else:
+        assert result.equals(idx)
+
+
+def test_union_with_regular_index(idx, using_infer_string):
+    other = Index(["A", "B", "C"])
+
+    result = other.union(idx)
+    assert ("foo", "one") in result
+    assert "B" in result
+
+    if using_infer_string:
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match="Can only union"):
+            idx.union(other)
+    else:
+        msg = "The values in the array are unorderable"
+        with tm.assert_produces_warning(RuntimeWarning, match=msg):
+            result2 = idx.union(other)
+        # This is more consistent now, if sorting fails then we don't sort at all
+        # in the MultiIndex case.
+        assert not result.equals(result2)
+
+
+def test_intersection(idx, sort):
+    piece1 = idx[:5][::-1]
+    piece2 = idx[3:]
+
+    the_int = piece1.intersection(piece2, sort=sort)
+
+    if sort in (None, True):
+        tm.assert_index_equal(the_int, idx[3:5])
+    else:
+        tm.assert_index_equal(the_int.sort_values(), idx[3:5])
+
+    # corner case, pass self
+    the_int = idx.intersection(idx, sort=sort)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(the_int, idx)
+
+    # empty intersection: disjoint
+    empty = idx[:2].intersection(idx[2:], sort=sort)
+    expected = idx[:0]
+    assert empty.equals(expected)
+
+    tuples = idx.values
+    result = idx.intersection(tuples)
+    assert result.equals(idx)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "method", ["intersection", "union", "difference", "symmetric_difference"]
+)
+def test_setop_with_categorical(idx, sort, method):
+    other = idx.to_flat_index().astype("category")
+    res_names = [None] * idx.nlevels
+
+    result = getattr(idx, method)(other, sort=sort)
+    expected = getattr(idx, method)(idx, sort=sort).rename(res_names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = getattr(idx, method)(other[:5], sort=sort)
+    expected = getattr(idx, method)(idx[:5], sort=sort).rename(res_names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_intersection_non_object(idx, sort):
+    other = Index(range(3), name="foo")
+
+    result = idx.intersection(other, sort=sort)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=idx.levels, codes=[[]] * idx.nlevels, names=None)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected, exact=True)
+
+    # if we pass a length-0 ndarray (i.e. no name, we retain our idx.name)
+    result = idx.intersection(np.asarray(other)[:0], sort=sort)
+    expected = MultiIndex(levels=idx.levels, codes=[[]] * idx.nlevels, names=idx.names)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected, exact=True)
+
+    msg = "other must be a MultiIndex or a list of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        # With non-zero length non-index, we try and fail to convert to tuples
+        idx.intersection(np.asarray(other), sort=sort)
+
+
+def test_intersect_equal_sort():
+    # GH-24959
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.intersection(idx, sort=False), idx)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.intersection(idx, sort=None), idx)
+
+
+def test_intersect_equal_sort_true():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1], ["a", "b"]])
+    result = idx.intersection(idx, sort=True)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("slice_", [slice(None), slice(0)])
+def test_union_sort_other_empty(slice_):
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/24959
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+
+    # default, sort=None
+    other = idx[slice_]
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.union(other), idx)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(other.union(idx), idx)
+
+    # sort=False
+    tm.assert_index_equal(idx.union(other, sort=False), idx)
+
+
+def test_union_sort_other_empty_sort():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, 0], ["a", "b"]])
+    other = idx[:0]
+    result = idx.union(other, sort=True)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_product([[0, 1], ["a", "b"]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_sort_other_incomparable():
+    # https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas/issues/24959
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, pd.Timestamp("2000")], ["a", "b"]])
+
+    # default, sort=None
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(RuntimeWarning):
+        result = idx.union(idx[:1])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+    # sort=False
+    result = idx.union(idx[:1], sort=False)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, idx)
+
+
+def test_union_sort_other_incomparable_sort():
+    idx = MultiIndex.from_product([[1, pd.Timestamp("2000")], ["a", "b"]])
+    msg = "'<' not supported between instances of 'Timestamp' and 'int'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx.union(idx[:1], sort=True)
+
+
+def test_union_non_object_dtype_raises():
+    # GH#32646 raise NotImplementedError instead of less-informative error
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_product([["a", "b"], [1, 2]])
+
+    idx = mi.levels[1]
+
+    msg = "Can only union MultiIndex with MultiIndex or Index of tuples"
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError, match=msg):
+        mi.union(idx)
+
+
+def test_union_empty_self_different_names():
+    # GH#38423
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[]])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+    result = mi.union(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_multiindex_empty_rangeindex():
+    # GH#41234
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+    ri = pd.RangeIndex(0)
+
+    result_left = mi.union(ri)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(mi, result_left, check_names=False)
+
+    result_right = ri.union(mi)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(mi, result_right, check_names=False)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "method", ["union", "intersection", "difference", "symmetric_difference"]
+)
+def test_setops_sort_validation(method):
+    idx1 = MultiIndex.from_product([["a", "b"], [1, 2]])
+    idx2 = MultiIndex.from_product([["b", "c"], [1, 2]])
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="The 'sort' keyword only takes"):
+        getattr(idx1, method)(idx2, sort=2)
+
+    # sort=True is supported as of GH#?
+    getattr(idx1, method)(idx2, sort=True)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [pd.NA, 100])
+def test_difference_keep_ea_dtypes(any_numeric_ea_dtype, val):
+    # GH#48606
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [2, 1]], names=["a", None]
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2, val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 1, 3]]
+    )
+    result = midx.difference(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series([1], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [2]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    result = midx.difference(midx.sort_values(ascending=False))
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), Series([], dtype=np.int64)],
+        names=["a", None],
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [pd.NA, 5])
+def test_symmetric_difference_keeping_ea_dtype(any_numeric_ea_dtype, val):
+    # GH#48607
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [2, 1]], names=["a", None]
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2, val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 1, 3]]
+    )
+    result = midx.symmetric_difference(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 1, val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 2, 3]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("tuples", "exp_tuples"),
+    [
+        ([("val1", "test1")], [("val1", "test1")]),
+        ([("val1", "test1"), ("val1", "test1")], [("val1", "test1")]),
+        (
+            [("val2", "test2"), ("val1", "test1")],
+            [("val2", "test2"), ("val1", "test1")],
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_intersect_with_duplicates(tuples, exp_tuples):
+    # GH#36915
+    left = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=["first", "second"])
+    right = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("val1", "test1"), ("val1", "test1"), ("val2", "test2")],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    result = left.intersection(right)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(exp_tuples, names=["first", "second"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "data, names, expected",
+    [
+        ((1,), None, [None, None]),
+        ((1,), ["a"], [None, None]),
+        ((1,), ["b"], [None, None]),
+        ((1, 2), ["c", "d"], [None, None]),
+        ((1, 2), ["b", "a"], [None, None]),
+        ((1, 2, 3), ["a", "b", "c"], [None, None]),
+        ((1, 2), ["a", "c"], ["a", None]),
+        ((1, 2), ["c", "b"], [None, "b"]),
+        ((1, 2), ["a", "b"], ["a", "b"]),
+        ((1, 2), [None, "b"], [None, "b"]),
+    ],
+)
+def test_maybe_match_names(data, names, expected):
+    # GH#38323
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([], names=["a", "b"])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_tuples([data], names=names)
+    result = mi._maybe_match_names(mi2)
+    assert result == expected
+
+
+def test_intersection_equal_different_names():
+    # GH#30302
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["c", "b"])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=["a", "b"])
+
+    result = mi1.intersection(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 2], [3, 4]], names=[None, "b"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_intersection_different_names():
+    # GH#38323
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1], [3]], names=["c", "b"])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1], [3]])
+    result = mi.intersection(mi2)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, mi2)
+
+
+def test_intersection_with_missing_values_on_both_sides(nulls_fixture):
+    # GH#38623
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[3, nulls_fixture, 4, nulls_fixture], [1, 2, 4, 2]])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[3, nulls_fixture, 3], [1, 2, 4]])
+    result = mi1.intersection(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[3, nulls_fixture], [1, 2]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_with_missing_values_on_both_sides(nulls_fixture):
+    # GH#38623
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, nulls_fixture]])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, nulls_fixture, 3]])
+    result = mi1.union(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[1, 3, nulls_fixture]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["float64", "Float64"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("sort", [None, False])
+def test_union_nan_got_duplicated(dtype, sort):
+    # GH#38977, GH#49010
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([pd.array([1.0, np.nan], dtype=dtype), [2, 3]])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([pd.array([1.0, np.nan, 3.0], dtype=dtype), [2, 3, 4]])
+    result = mi1.union(mi2, sort=sort)
+    if sort is None:
+        expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+            [pd.array([1.0, 3.0, np.nan], dtype=dtype), [2, 4, 3]]
+        )
+    else:
+        expected = mi2
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [4, 1])
+def test_union_keep_ea_dtype(any_numeric_ea_dtype, val):
+    # GH#48505
+
+    arr1 = Series([val, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
+    arr2 = Series([2, 1], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr1, [1, 2]], names=["a", None])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr2, [2, 1]])
+    result = midx.union(midx2)
+    if val == 4:
+        expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+            [Series([1, 2, 4], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 2, 1]]
+        )
+    else:
+        expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+            [Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 2]]
+        )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dupe_val", [3, pd.NA])
+def test_union_with_duplicates_keep_ea_dtype(dupe_val, any_numeric_ea_dtype):
+    # GH48900
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([1, dupe_val, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+            Series([1, dupe_val, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+        ]
+    )
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([2, dupe_val, dupe_val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+            Series([2, dupe_val, dupe_val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+        ]
+    )
+    result = mi1.union(mi2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            Series([1, 2, dupe_val, dupe_val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+            Series([1, 2, dupe_val, dupe_val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype),
+        ]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.filterwarnings(r"ignore:PeriodDtype\[B\] is deprecated:FutureWarning")
+def test_union_duplicates(index, request):
+    # GH#38977
+    if index.empty or isinstance(index, (IntervalIndex, CategoricalIndex)):
+        pytest.skip(f"No duplicates in an empty {type(index).__name__}")
+
+    values = index.unique().values.tolist()
+    mi1 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([values, [1] * len(values)])
+    mi2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([[values[0]] + values, [1] * (len(values) + 1)])
+    result = mi2.union(mi1)
+    expected = mi2.sort_values()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    if (
+        is_unsigned_integer_dtype(mi2.levels[0])
+        and (mi2.get_level_values(0) < 2**63).all()
+    ):
+        # GH#47294 - union uses lib.fast_zip, converting data to Python integers
+        # and loses type information. Result is then unsigned only when values are
+        # sufficiently large to require unsigned dtype. This happens only if other
+        # has dups or one of both have missing values
+        expected = expected.set_levels(
+            [expected.levels[0].astype(np.int64), expected.levels[1]]
+        )
+    elif is_float_dtype(mi2.levels[0]):
+        # mi2 has duplicates witch is a different path than above, Fix that path
+        # to use correct float dtype?
+        expected = expected.set_levels(
+            [expected.levels[0].astype(float), expected.levels[1]]
+        )
+
+    result = mi1.union(mi2)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_keep_dtype_precision(any_real_numeric_dtype):
+    # GH#48498
+    arr1 = Series([4, 1, 1], dtype=any_real_numeric_dtype)
+    arr2 = Series([1, 4], dtype=any_real_numeric_dtype)
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr1, [2, 1, 1]], names=["a", None])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr2, [1, 2]], names=["a", None])
+
+    result = midx.union(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        ([Series([1, 1, 4], dtype=any_real_numeric_dtype), [1, 1, 2]]),
+        names=["a", None],
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_keep_ea_dtype_with_na(any_numeric_ea_dtype):
+    # GH#48498
+    arr1 = Series([4, pd.NA], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
+    arr2 = Series([1, pd.NA], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype)
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr1, [2, 1]], names=["a", None])
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays([arr2, [1, 2]])
+    result = midx.union(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 4, pd.NA, pd.NA], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 2, 1, 2]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "levels1, levels2, codes1, codes2, names",
+    [
+        (
+            [["a", "b", "c"], [0, ""]],
+            [["c", "d", "b"], [""]],
+            [[0, 1, 2], [1, 1, 1]],
+            [[0, 1, 2], [0, 0, 0]],
+            ["name1", "name2"],
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_intersection_lexsort_depth(levels1, levels2, codes1, codes2, names):
+    # GH#25169
+    mi1 = MultiIndex(levels=levels1, codes=codes1, names=names)
+    mi2 = MultiIndex(levels=levels2, codes=codes2, names=names)
+    mi_int = mi1.intersection(mi2)
+    assert mi_int._lexsort_depth == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "a",
+    [pd.Categorical(["a", "b"], categories=["a", "b"]), ["a", "b"]],
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "b",
+    [
+        pd.Categorical(["a", "b"], categories=["b", "a"], ordered=True),
+        pd.Categorical(["a", "b"], categories=["b", "a"]),
+    ],
+)
+def test_intersection_with_non_lex_sorted_categories(a, b):
+    # GH#49974
+    other = ["1", "2"]
+
+    df1 = DataFrame({"x": a, "y": other})
+    df2 = DataFrame({"x": b, "y": other})
+
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([a, other], names=["x", "y"])
+
+    res1 = MultiIndex.from_frame(df1).intersection(
+        MultiIndex.from_frame(df2.sort_values(["x", "y"]))
+    )
+    res2 = MultiIndex.from_frame(df1).intersection(MultiIndex.from_frame(df2))
+    res3 = MultiIndex.from_frame(df1.sort_values(["x", "y"])).intersection(
+        MultiIndex.from_frame(df2)
+    )
+    res4 = MultiIndex.from_frame(df1.sort_values(["x", "y"])).intersection(
+        MultiIndex.from_frame(df2.sort_values(["x", "y"]))
+    )
+
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res1, expected)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res2, expected)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res3, expected)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(res4, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("val", [pd.NA, 100])
+def test_intersection_keep_ea_dtypes(val, any_numeric_ea_dtype):
+    # GH#48604
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [2, 1]], names=["a", None]
+    )
+    midx2 = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [Series([1, 2, val], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1, 1, 3]]
+    )
+    result = midx.intersection(midx2)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays([Series([2], dtype=any_numeric_ea_dtype), [1]])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_union_with_na_when_constructing_dataframe():
+    # GH43222
+    series1 = Series(
+        (1,),
+        index=MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+            [Series([None], dtype="string"), Series([None], dtype="string")]
+        ),
+    )
+    series2 = Series((10, 20), index=MultiIndex.from_tuples(((None, None), ("a", "b"))))
+    result = DataFrame([series1, series2])
+    expected = DataFrame({(np.nan, np.nan): [1.0, 10.0], ("a", "b"): [np.nan, 20.0]})
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_sorting.py

@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+from pandas.errors import (
+    PerformanceWarning,
+    UnsortedIndexError,
+)
+
+from pandas import (
+    CategoricalIndex,
+    DataFrame,
+    Index,
+    MultiIndex,
+    RangeIndex,
+    Series,
+    Timestamp,
+)
+import pandas._testing as tm
+from pandas.core.indexes.frozen import FrozenList
+
+
+def test_sortlevel(idx):
+    tuples = list(idx)
+    np.random.default_rng(2).shuffle(tuples)
+
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(0)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(sorted(tuples))
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(0, ascending=False)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected[::-1])
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(1)
+    by1 = sorted(tuples, key=lambda x: (x[1], x[0]))
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(by1)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(1, ascending=False)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected[::-1])
+
+
+def test_sortlevel_not_sort_remaining():
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples([[1, 1, 3], [1, 1, 1]], names=list("ABC"))
+    sorted_idx, _ = mi.sortlevel("A", sort_remaining=False)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(mi)
+
+
+def test_sortlevel_deterministic():
+    tuples = [
+        ("bar", "one"),
+        ("foo", "two"),
+        ("qux", "two"),
+        ("foo", "one"),
+        ("baz", "two"),
+        ("qux", "one"),
+    ]
+
+    index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(0)
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(sorted(tuples))
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(0, ascending=False)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected[::-1])
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(1)
+    by1 = sorted(tuples, key=lambda x: (x[1], x[0]))
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples(by1)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected)
+
+    sorted_idx, _ = index.sortlevel(1, ascending=False)
+    assert sorted_idx.equals(expected[::-1])
+
+
+def test_sortlevel_na_position():
+    # GH#51612
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, np.nan), (1, 1)])
+    result = midx.sortlevel(level=[0, 1], na_position="last")[0]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 1), (1, np.nan)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_numpy_argsort(idx):
+    result = np.argsort(idx)
+    expected = idx.argsort()
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # these are the only two types that perform
+    # pandas compatibility input validation - the
+    # rest already perform separate (or no) such
+    # validation via their 'values' attribute as
+    # defined in pandas.core.indexes/base.py - they
+    # cannot be changed at the moment due to
+    # backwards compatibility concerns
+    if isinstance(type(idx), (CategoricalIndex, RangeIndex)):
+        msg = "the 'axis' parameter is not supported"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            np.argsort(idx, axis=1)
+
+        msg = "the 'kind' parameter is not supported"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            np.argsort(idx, kind="mergesort")
+
+        msg = "the 'order' parameter is not supported"
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+            np.argsort(idx, order=("a", "b"))
+
+
+def test_unsortedindex():
+    # GH 11897
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("z", "a"), ("x", "a"), ("y", "b"), ("x", "b"), ("y", "a"), ("z", "b")],
+        names=["one", "two"],
+    )
+    df = DataFrame([[i, 10 * i] for i in range(6)], index=mi, columns=["one", "two"])
+
+    # GH 16734: not sorted, but no real slicing
+    result = df.loc(axis=0)["z", "a"]
+    expected = df.iloc[0]
+    tm.assert_series_equal(result, expected)
+
+    msg = (
+        "MultiIndex slicing requires the index to be lexsorted: "
+        r"slicing on levels \[1\], lexsort depth 0"
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(UnsortedIndexError, match=msg):
+        df.loc(axis=0)["z", slice("a")]
+    df.sort_index(inplace=True)
+    assert len(df.loc(axis=0)["z", :]) == 2
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError, match="'q'"):
+        df.loc(axis=0)["q", :]
+
+
+def test_unsortedindex_doc_examples():
+    # https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/advanced.html#sorting-a-multiindex
+    dfm = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "jim": [0, 0, 1, 1],
+            "joe": ["x", "x", "z", "y"],
+            "jolie": np.random.default_rng(2).random(4),
+        }
+    )
+
+    dfm = dfm.set_index(["jim", "joe"])
+    with tm.assert_produces_warning(PerformanceWarning):
+        dfm.loc[(1, "z")]
+
+    msg = r"Key length \(2\) was greater than MultiIndex lexsort depth \(1\)"
+    with pytest.raises(UnsortedIndexError, match=msg):
+        dfm.loc[(0, "y"):(1, "z")]
+
+    assert not dfm.index._is_lexsorted()
+    assert dfm.index._lexsort_depth == 1
+
+    # sort it
+    dfm = dfm.sort_index()
+    dfm.loc[(1, "z")]
+    dfm.loc[(0, "y"):(1, "z")]
+
+    assert dfm.index._is_lexsorted()
+    assert dfm.index._lexsort_depth == 2
+
+
+def test_reconstruct_sort():
+    # starts off lexsorted & monotonic
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays([["A", "A", "B", "B", "B"], [1, 2, 1, 2, 3]])
+    assert mi.is_monotonic_increasing
+    recons = mi._sort_levels_monotonic()
+    assert recons.is_monotonic_increasing
+    assert mi is recons
+
+    assert mi.equals(recons)
+    assert Index(mi.values).equals(Index(recons.values))
+
+    # cannot convert to lexsorted
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_tuples(
+        [("z", "a"), ("x", "a"), ("y", "b"), ("x", "b"), ("y", "a"), ("z", "b")],
+        names=["one", "two"],
+    )
+    assert not mi.is_monotonic_increasing
+    recons = mi._sort_levels_monotonic()
+    assert not recons.is_monotonic_increasing
+    assert mi.equals(recons)
+    assert Index(mi.values).equals(Index(recons.values))
+
+    # cannot convert to lexsorted
+    mi = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["b", "d", "a"], [1, 2, 3]],
+        codes=[[0, 1, 0, 2], [2, 0, 0, 1]],
+        names=["col1", "col2"],
+    )
+    assert not mi.is_monotonic_increasing
+    recons = mi._sort_levels_monotonic()
+    assert not recons.is_monotonic_increasing
+    assert mi.equals(recons)
+    assert Index(mi.values).equals(Index(recons.values))
+
+
+def test_reconstruct_remove_unused():
+    # xref to GH 2770
+    df = DataFrame(
+        [["deleteMe", 1, 9], ["keepMe", 2, 9], ["keepMeToo", 3, 9]],
+        columns=["first", "second", "third"],
+    )
+    df2 = df.set_index(["first", "second"], drop=False)
+    df2 = df2[df2["first"] != "deleteMe"]
+
+    # removed levels are there
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["deleteMe", "keepMe", "keepMeToo"], [1, 2, 3]],
+        codes=[[1, 2], [1, 2]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    result = df2.index
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["keepMe", "keepMeToo"], [2, 3]],
+        codes=[[0, 1], [0, 1]],
+        names=["first", "second"],
+    )
+    result = df2.index.remove_unused_levels()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # idempotent
+    result2 = result.remove_unused_levels()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result2, expected)
+    assert result2.is_(result)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "first_type,second_type", [("int64", "int64"), ("datetime64[D]", "str")]
+)
+def test_remove_unused_levels_large(first_type, second_type):
+    # GH16556
+
+    # because tests should be deterministic (and this test in particular
+    # checks that levels are removed, which is not the case for every
+    # random input):
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(10)  # seed is arbitrary value that works
+
+    size = 1 << 16
+    df = DataFrame(
+        {
+            "first": rng.integers(0, 1 << 13, size).astype(first_type),
+            "second": rng.integers(0, 1 << 10, size).astype(second_type),
+            "third": rng.random(size),
+        }
+    )
+    df = df.groupby(["first", "second"]).sum()
+    df = df[df.third < 0.1]
+
+    result = df.index.remove_unused_levels()
+    assert len(result.levels[0]) < len(df.index.levels[0])
+    assert len(result.levels[1]) < len(df.index.levels[1])
+    assert result.equals(df.index)
+
+    expected = df.reset_index().set_index(["first", "second"]).index
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("level0", [["a", "d", "b"], ["a", "d", "b", "unused"]])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "level1", [["w", "x", "y", "z"], ["w", "x", "y", "z", "unused"]]
+)
+def test_remove_unused_nan(level0, level1):
+    # GH 18417
+    mi = MultiIndex(levels=[level0, level1], codes=[[0, 2, -1, 1, -1], [0, 1, 2, 3, 2]])
+
+    result = mi.remove_unused_levels()
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, mi)
+    for level in 0, 1:
+        assert "unused" not in result.levels[level]
+
+
+def test_argsort(idx):
+    result = idx.argsort()
+    expected = idx.values.argsort()
+    tm.assert_numpy_array_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_remove_unused_levels_with_nan():
+    # GH 37510
+    idx = Index([(1, np.nan), (3, 4)]).rename(["id1", "id2"])
+    idx = idx.set_levels(["a", np.nan], level="id1")
+    idx = idx.remove_unused_levels()
+    result = idx.levels
+    expected = FrozenList([["a", np.nan], [4]])
+    assert str(result) == str(expected)
+
+
+def test_sort_values_nan():
+    # GH48495, GH48626
+    midx = MultiIndex(levels=[["A", "B", "C"], ["D"]], codes=[[1, 0, 2], [-1, -1, 0]])
+    result = midx.sort_values()
+    expected = MultiIndex(
+        levels=[["A", "B", "C"], ["D"]], codes=[[0, 1, 2], [-1, -1, 0]]
+    )
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_sort_values_incomparable():
+    # GH48495
+    mi = MultiIndex.from_arrays(
+        [
+            [1, Timestamp("2000-01-01")],
+            [3, 4],
+        ]
+    )
+    match = "'<' not supported between instances of 'Timestamp' and 'int'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=match):
+        mi.sort_values()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("na_position", ["first", "last"])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", ["float64", "Int64", "Float64"])
+def test_sort_values_with_na_na_position(dtype, na_position):
+    # 51612
+    arrays = [
+        Series([1, 1, 2], dtype=dtype),
+        Series([1, None, 3], dtype=dtype),
+    ]
+    index = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    result = index.sort_values(na_position=na_position)
+    if na_position == "first":
+        arrays = [
+            Series([1, 1, 2], dtype=dtype),
+            Series([None, 1, 3], dtype=dtype),
+        ]
+    else:
+        arrays = [
+            Series([1, 1, 2], dtype=dtype),
+            Series([1, None, 3], dtype=dtype),
+        ]
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_arrays(arrays)
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+def test_sort_unnecessary_warning():
+    # GH#55386
+    midx = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1.5, 2), (3.5, 3), (0, 1)])
+    midx = midx.set_levels([2.5, np.nan, 1], level=0)
+    result = midx.sort_values()
+    expected = MultiIndex.from_tuples([(1, 3), (2.5, 1), (np.nan, 2)])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)

venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/tests/indexes/multi/test_take.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+
+import pandas as pd
+import pandas._testing as tm
+
+
+def test_take(idx):
+    indexer = [4, 3, 0, 2]
+    result = idx.take(indexer)
+    expected = idx[indexer]
+    assert result.equals(expected)
+
+    # GH 10791
+    msg = "'MultiIndex' object has no attribute 'freq'"
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError, match=msg):
+        idx.freq
+
+
+def test_take_invalid_kwargs(idx):
+    indices = [1, 2]
+
+    msg = r"take\(\) got an unexpected keyword argument 'foo'"
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, foo=2)
+
+    msg = "the 'out' parameter is not supported"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, out=indices)
+
+    msg = "the 'mode' parameter is not supported"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(indices, mode="clip")
+
+
+def test_take_fill_value():
+    # GH 12631
+    vals = [["A", "B"], [pd.Timestamp("2011-01-01"), pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")]]
+    idx = pd.MultiIndex.from_product(vals, names=["str", "dt"])
+
+    result = idx.take(np.array([1, 0, -1]))
+    exp_vals = [
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")),
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-01")),
+        ("B", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")),
+    ]
+    expected = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(exp_vals, names=["str", "dt"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # fill_value
+    result = idx.take(np.array([1, 0, -1]), fill_value=True)
+    exp_vals = [
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")),
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-01")),
+        (np.nan, pd.NaT),
+    ]
+    expected = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(exp_vals, names=["str", "dt"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    # allow_fill=False
+    result = idx.take(np.array([1, 0, -1]), allow_fill=False, fill_value=True)
+    exp_vals = [
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")),
+        ("A", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-01")),
+        ("B", pd.Timestamp("2011-01-02")),
+    ]
+    expected = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(exp_vals, names=["str", "dt"])
+    tm.assert_index_equal(result, expected)
+
+    msg = "When allow_fill=True and fill_value is not None, all indices must be >= -1"
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(np.array([1, 0, -2]), fill_value=True)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(np.array([1, 0, -5]), fill_value=True)
+
+    msg = "index -5 is out of bounds for( axis 0 with)? size 4"
+    with pytest.raises(IndexError, match=msg):
+        idx.take(np.array([1, -5]))